Pseudo-dynamic methods

Basha, B. M., Babu, G. L. S. (2008). Seismic passive earth pressure coefficients by pseudo-dynamic method using composite failure mechanism. 

Choudhury,D., Nimbalkar, S. (2005). Seismic passive resistance by pseudo-dynamic method. Geotechnique, 55(9), 699-702. doi 10.1680/ geot.2005.55.9.699... 

Choudhury, D., Nimbalkar, S. (2007). Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method passive case. Soil Dynamics ondEarthquake Engineering, 27, 242-249. doi 10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.06.009... 

Pseudo-dynamic method Rigid retaining walls Yielding walls... 

A. Stationary (mostly pseudo-stationary) methods -+ static measurement B. Non-stationary methods -> dynamic measurement ... 

Solution of the Kohn-Sham equations as outlined above are done within the static limit, i.e. use of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which implies that the motions of the nuclei and electrons are solved separately. It should however in many cases be of interest to include the dynamics of, for example, the reaction of molecules with clusters or surfaces. A combined ab initio method for solving both the geometric and electronic problem simultaneously is the Car-Parrinello method, which is a DFT dynamics method [52]. This method uses a plane wave expansion for the density, and the inner ions are replaced by pseudo-potentials [53]. Today this method has been extensively used for studies of dynamic problems in solids, clusters, fullerenes etc [54-61]. We have recently in a co-operation project with Andreoni at IBM used this technique for studying the existence of different isomers of transition metal clusters [62,63]. 

A combined method for solving both the geometric and electronic problem simultaneously is the Car-Parrinello method, which is a DFT dynamics method [152]. This method uses a plane wave expansion for the density, and the inner ions are replaced by pseudo-potentials. 

In order to determine the lateral displacement and load bearing capacity of the strengthened system, a displacement control reversed cyclic loading up to 66 mm of top displacement was applied to the specimen after the pseudo-dynamic tests. Figure 10.8 shows the reverse cyclic displacement protocol for the top story of the test frame. The cyclic displacement histories applied to the first and second stories were consistent with the first modal shape of the test frame. They were determined using the method proposed by Molina et al. (1999) and Maia and Silva (1997) by taking the top story displacement protocol into consideration. 

In this study, the performance of the Mesh Reinforced Mortar (MRM) application, which is one of the proposed methods for strengthening of RC structures in the Turkish Seismic Code (2007), was verified using pseudo-dynamic (PsD) tests. In this context, a three-bay, three-story frame in Vi scale was prepared and tested. The earthquake load was applied at each story level by means of servo-controlled actuators. The grotmd motions were synthetically derived from the Diizce city center site specific acceleration spectra. The hollow clay tile (HTC) masonry wall in the mid bay was enhanced with MRM. 

Pegon P, Molina FJ, Magonette G (2008) Continuous pseudo-dynamic testing at ELSA. In Saouma VE, Sivaselvan MV (eds) Hybrid simulation theory, implcanentation and applications. Taylor Francis/Balkema Publishers, London, pp 79-88 Shiohara H, Hosokawa Y, Nakamura T, Aoyama H (1984) Tests on the construction method of seismic rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete buildings. In Proceedings, vol 6. Japan Concrete Institute, Tokyo, pp 405-408... 

The integration method using the operator-splitting (OS) method was applied in the tests. This method has been used in many Substructure pseudo-dynamic experiments to calculate the seismic response considering the interaction between the specimen and the whole frame (Nakashima et al. 1990). The formulation of this method is as follows ... 

Fahnestock LA, Rides JM, Sause R (2006) Experimental study of a large-scale buckling restrained braced hame rising the pseudo-dynamic testing method. In 8th US Natiimal conference on earthquake caigineering. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco... 

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