Breath gas analysis

Kamarchuk GV, Pospyelov OP, Alexandrov YL et al (2005) TCNQ derivatives-based sensors for breath gas analysis. In Amaim A, Smith D (eds) Breath analysis for medical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. World Scientific Publ, New Jersey-London-Singapore, pp 85-99... 

Dolch ME, Frey L, Homuss C, et al. Molecular breath-gas analysis by online mass spectrometry in mechanically ventilated patients a new software-based method of COj-controlled alveolar gas monitoring. J Breath Res. 2008 2 037010 10. 

Beauchamp, J., Kirsch, E, Buettner, A. (2010) Real-time breath gas analysis for pharmacokinetics monitoring exhaled breath by on-line proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry after ingestion of eucalyptol-containing capsules. J. Breath Res. 4, 026006. 

Halbritter, S., Fedrigo, M., Hollriegl, V. et al. (2012) Human breath gas analysis in the screening of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 14, 1. 

Herbig, J., Utzmann, T., Beauchamp, J. et al. (2008) Buffered end-tidal (BET) sampling - a novel method for real-time breath-gas analysis. J. Breath Res. 2, 037008. 

King, J., Unterkofler, K., Teschl, G. et al. (2011) A mathematical model for breath gas analysis of volatile organic compounds with special emphasis on acetone. J. Math. Biol. 63, 959. 

Janovsky, U., Scholl-Btirgi, S., Karall, D. et al. (2005) Breath gas analysis in patients suffering from propionic acidaemia [Chapter 28]. In Breath Analysis for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring (Eds A. Amann, D. Smith), World Scientific, Singapore. 

This study demonstrates high efficacy and expediency of the TCNQ derivative-based point-contact multistracture as a prospective asset for development of new sensors. The complex character of the sensors response curve and correlation of some response characteristics with different pathological manifestations in human breath, may be further used as a noninvasive diagnostic method alternative to some invasive approaches currently routinely used in clinic. The need for reliable and feasible gas analysis methods functional in presence of atmospheric air, opens opportunities for application of the proposed sensor technique in other spheres of human activity. High sensitivity of the point-contact multistructure enabling analysis of composite gas mixtures, opens up wide possibilities to apply the demonstrated approach for environment and health protection, such as detection of trace amounts... 

Gas analytical instruments for vehicle exhaust emission surveillance, evidential breath alcohol analysis in road traffic and calorific value determination of fuel gases are subject to legal control and require type approval and initial and subsequent verification. The national standards required in this part of gas analysis are provided by BAM. PTB uses in-house standards prepared by dynamic blending to ensure traceability of its type approval... 

Ueta, I., Saito, Y., Hosoe, M., Okamoto, M., Ohkita, H., Shirai, S., Tamura, H., Jinno, K. Breath acetone analysis with miniaturized sample preparation device in-needle preconcentration and subsequent determination by gas chromatography-mass Spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. B 877, 2551-2556 (2009)... 

Smith, D., Spanel, P. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, for on-line trace gas analysis. In Amann, A., Smith, D. (eds.) Breath Analysis for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring, pp. 3-34. World Scientific Publishing, Toh Tuck Link, Singapore (2005)... 

Synonyms Perfluoropolyalkylether PFPE Toxicology Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray Uses Lubricant, EP agent for textiles, aerospace, vacuum pumps, instruments, bearings, surgical equip. for structural analysis embedding of crystals to protect them from air and moisture... 

Solid samples can be a bulk material such as a polymer or a raw material, they can be a surface coating such as varnish buildup on a piston or a particle on a semiconductor wafer. Liquids can be pure or as a solution or mixture. Gases can be pure or a mixture, such as in stack gases they may also be very dilute, down to mg 1 (parts per million) level for trace gas analysis such as for atmospheric monitoring or breathing gas for divers. In addition to these possibilities, it may be necessary to carry out the analysis at temperature and pressure conditions well removed from ambient. A final complication is that pure samples are rarely encountered much more common are mixtures, often with the material of interest present as the minor component. 

SpanSl, P, Smith, D. (1996) Selected Ion Flow Tube A Technique for Quantitative Trace Gas Analysis of Air and Breath. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 34 409-419. 

Pearl Jones was admitted to the intensive-care unit alter a car accident with approximately 3 L of blood loss three days ago. She is semiconscious but irritable and has a blood pressure (BP) of 92/40 mm Hg, pulse (P) of 140 beats/minute, and respiration (R) of 38 breaths/minute, and her skin is cool and pale with pale mucous membranes. Arterial blood-gas analysis reveals a pH of 7.32, Pco of 33 mm Hg, of 70 percent, and HCO3 of 14 mEq/L. Urine output is 200 mL for the past 24 hours. Diagnostic tests ordered include an electrolyte panel (Na% K, CP, and CO ). What additional data would be beneficial to determine care measures for Ms. Jones ... 

Spanel P, Smith D. Selected ion flow tube a technique for quantitative trace gas analysis of air and breath. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1996 34 409-19. 

Smith D, Spanel P. The novel selected ion flow tube approach to trace gas analysis of air and breath. Rapid Comm Mass Spectrom. 1996 10 1183-98. 

Figure 8 A SIFT apparatus configured for trace gas analysis, with the stable discharge ion-source for H3O+, NO+ and 0+ ions, and a single air/breath sample inlet port. 

SIFT/MS analyses of the breath of some 30 uraemic patients with end-stage renal failure have shown greatly elevated levels of ammonia compared to healthy subjects. The spectrum obtained of breath of a uraemic patient with diabetes (indicated by the elevated acetone level) who also smokes cigarettes (indicated by the presence of acetonitrile) is shown in Figure 14. Many further applications of this new method for trace gas analysis are in train including applications in agriculture (animal welfare) and grassland research. 

Spanel P, Cocker J, Rajan B and Smith D (1997) Validation of the SIFT technique for trace gas analysis of breath using the syringe injection technique. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 41 373-382. 

Wehinger, A., Schmid, A., Mechtcheriakov, S. et al. (2007) Lung cancer detection by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometric analysis of human breath gas. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 265,49. 

Breath Connect Teflon sampling probe to analyzer and syringe through a sampling valve and loop insert probe 4 cm into mouth between closed lips withdraw 20 mL over 6 seconds into syringe flush and fill the sample loop with 10 mL mouth air carry sample to analysis in nitrogen gas. GC/FID 7ppb NR Blanchette and Cooper 1976... 

Lan and Mottola [14] have presented two continuous-flow-sensing strategies for the determination of C02 in gas mixtures using a special reaction cell. Both approaches are based on the effect of the complex of Co(II) with phthalocyanine as a rate modifier of the CL emission generated by luminol in the absence of an added oxidant agent, which is enhanced by the presence of C02 in the system. This enhancement allows the fast and simple determination of carbon dioxide at ppm levels (v/v) in atmospheric air and in human breath. In the first case, a continuous monitoring system was applied however, because the flow of expired gas is not constant, a discrete sample introduction approach was used in the analysis of C02 in breath. 

Hcxanc can be determined in biological fluids and tissues and breath using a variety of analytical methods. Representative methods are summarized in Table 6-1. Most methods utilize gas chromatographic (GC) techniques for determination of -hexane. The three methods used for preparation of biological fluids and tissues for analysis are solvent extraction, direct aqueous injection, and headspace extraction. Breath samples are usually collected on adsorbent traps or in sampling bags or canisters prior to analysis by GC. 

Mendis, S., P. A. Sobotka, and D. E. Euler, Pentane and Isoprene in Expired Air from Humans Gas-Chromatographic Analysis of Single Breath, Clin. Chem., 40, 1485-1488 (1994). 

Due to a combination of the modified technique for sensor analysis of composite gas mixture with unique properties of the gas-sensitive point-contact matrix, a complex dynamic of interaction between sensitive matter and volatile compounds of exhaled air has been observed. This interaction is characterized by longer adsorption times. This behavior was not observed in our previous work on breath analysis where fihn samples were used [11]. 

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