Continuous monitoring system

Continuous monitoring is necessary on critical machines where problems can develop rapidly and have severe financial consequences. Typical machines in this category are unspared process compressors. Remotely located machinery such as pipeline gas compressors also require continuous monitoring. Also, continuous monitoring may be dictated by safety considerations. Even though the cost of a failure is small, machines should be continuously monitored if a failure will result in hazards to personnel. Figure 8-38 depicts a typical continuous monitoring system. 

Figure 8-38. Typical continuous monitoring system for a centrifugal compressor. (Reprinted by permission o/Sound and Vibration)...

Owners or operators of MACT units must ensure that the MACT emission standards are not exceeded. To do this, the unit must operate under parameters that are demonstrated in a CPT. The unit s operating parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and waste feed, are then set based on the result of the CPT and documented in a NOC. Continuous monitoring systems are used to monitor the operating parameters. 

Lan and Mottola [14] have presented two continuous-flow-sensing strategies for the determination of C02 in gas mixtures using a special reaction cell. Both approaches are based on the effect of the complex of Co(II) with phthalocyanine as a rate modifier of the CL emission generated by luminol in the absence of an added oxidant agent, which is enhanced by the presence of C02 in the system. This enhancement allows the fast and simple determination of carbon dioxide at ppm levels (v/v) in atmospheric air and in human breath. In the first case, a continuous monitoring system was applied however, because the flow of expired gas is not constant, a discrete sample introduction approach was used in the analysis of C02 in breath. 

A continuous contaminant source monitor can provide both industrial plants and regulatory agencies with numerous benefits. A properly installed and operated continuous monitoring system can yield a large amount of data on source air emissions or source effluent discharges. This information is beneficial, because it establishes a reliable foundation upon which important decisions can be made. 

Monitoring and feeding back the data are important in maintaining the performance of water systems. By applying an automatic continuous monitoring system combined with the method of trend analysis, processes can be maintained in a much more stable state. For example, this can be achieved by applying automatic continuous monitoring of TOC and conductivity of the water system. 

In 1993, we reported on a study of nine normal subjects using a wearable continuous monitoring system.17 This was the first application of error grid analysis... 

CHAPTER 7 TRANSDERMAL MICROFLUIDIC CONTINUOUS MONITORING SYSTEMS... 

Therefore, a reliable calibration method becomes critical. Because of both the altered in vivo sensitivity and the accuracy demanded for continuous monitoring systems, the use of an in vitro pre-calibration is not feasible. 

Munaf E, Takeuchi T, Ishii D, et al. 1991. Continuous monitoring system for total mercury in waste water by cold vapour atomic-absorption spectrometry and continuous-microflow analysis. Anal Sci 7(4) 605-609. 

Continuous monitoring systems for total hydrocarbons in ambient air are available. These usually involve flame ionization detection. Detection limits are approximately 0.16 ppm (Lodge 1988). 

Figure 7. Continuous monitoring system for determination of CO2 concentrations in reaction chamber.

Figure 6. Toxicity indication for cyanide from the continuous monitoring system upon administration of cyanide to the system (23)...

Simple automated operation which allows implementation with continuous monitoring systems and use in process control. 

To avoid the expense of technical equipment providing data of minimal significance, many factors must be taken into consideration when planning for the installation of a continuous monitoring system. First, the hazardous substances present in the air have to be known qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The chemical agents have to be checked for possible cross-sensitivities, and, depending on the nature of the chemicals, suitable analytical instruments have to be selected. 

NFPA 55, 7.9.2.1 NFPA 55, 7.9.6.5 NFPA 55, 7.9.6.6 4.2.11 Indoor compressed gas storage areas that are used to store toxic or highly toxic gases indoors shall be equipped with a continuous monitoring system that would provide warning of toxic gas concentrations that could present a hazard to life. 

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