Albumin conjugates

Miyake et al reported an ELISA method for the determination of pesticide residues in the aquatic environment. The polyclonal antibody and three monoclonal antibodies of acifluorfen were prepared by immunization of rabbits and mice with acifluorfen-bovine serum albumin conjugates. The polyclonal antibody reacted with acifluorfen at concentrations of 1.5-800 mg L , while the monoclonal antibodies reacted with acifluorfen at concentrations of 1.5-144 mg L . Among three monoclonal antibodies, AF 75-144 reacted with chlornitrofen, which did not react with the other two antibodies. It seems that the ELISA method is effective for the determination of herbicide residues in the aquatic environment. 

This method represents one of the first attempts towards macromolecular agents.121-123 As many as 60-90 [Gd(DTPA)]2- or [Gd(DOTA)] chelates were first linked to a polylysine chain, then covalently conjugated to a HSA molecule.124 The increase in relaxivity per Gd, as compared with the monomeric chelate, was remarkable (two- to threefold), though far from optimal. However, the development of these albumin conjugates was abandoned at an early stage, since their synthesis is not easily controlled, and there are also toxicity concerns due to the retention of gadolinium observed in the bones and liver.125... 

Park, H.-S., Kin, H-Y, Nahm, D-H, Son, J-J, and Kim, Y-Y, Specific IgG, but not specific IgE, antibodies to toluene diisocyanate-human serum albumin conjugate are associated... 

Preparation of Antiserum The barbiturate-bovine-serum-albumin conjugate is duly emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund s adjuvant and New Zealand albino rabbits are subsequently im-... 

A. Matsushima, H. Sasaki, Y. Kodera, Y. Inada, Reduction of Immunoreactivity of Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugated with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) in Relation to Its Esterase Activity , Biochem. Int. 1992, 26, 485-490. 

The metabolic fate of the benzylpenicillin-human serum albumin conjugate was studied in rats [149]. The conjugate was taken up by the liver, where it underwent enzymatic cleavage to form benzylpenicilloic acid. Thus, the benzylpenicilloic acid excreted in urine may be formed either by direct hydrolysis of the /3-lactam ring, or by catabolism of protein conjugates formed in vivo. 

We have developed albumin-conjugates of dexamethasone and naproxen for targeting to SECs and KCs. These conjugates have been extensively tested in vitro and in vivo in rats with bile duct hgation-induced hver fibrosis [93,147-150]. 

The fluorescence-guided identification of human brain tumours and tumour margins during surgery was evaluated to facilitate the accuracy and safety of tumour resection and minimize the probabifity of tumour recurrence. For this purpose, ICG [136], fluorescein [137], 5-aminofluorescein albumin conjugate [131], and ALA [138] have been studied in selected patients or extended clinical trials. 

This report describes the development of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for one of the major PSP (saxitoxin, la) which is based on our successful production of antibodies to a stable saxitoxin derivative-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The application of the RIA to the analysis of PSP contaminated clam extracts and the problems which must be addressed in the development of a routine immunoassay for the PSP are discussed. 

Beyond polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies to isoxazolyl penicillins were recently produced by immunization of mice with a cloxacillin-human serum albumin conjugate prepared by a mixed anhydride procedure (35). Sensitivity and specificity of these antibodies were tested in an indirect ELISA in which a cloxacillin-glucose oxidase conjugate prepared by an activated ester procedure served as a coating agent. It was found diat die prepared antibodies could be... 

In each of these methods, undiluted serum, urine, acid-deproteinized milk, or a buffered saline extract of muscle was mixed with sulfamethazine-horseradish peroxidase and added to antibody-coated wells of a microtiter plate. A sulfamethazine-bovine serum albumin conjugate prepared by the glutaraldehyde procedure (56) was used for antibody production. Results showed that screening of serum was of value since sulfamethazine concentrations in serum directly correlated with those in swine tissues. Thus, for example, a level of 100 ppb of sulfamethazine in... 

In another method for the determination of sulfamethazine in muscle and liver tissues (59), the extraction problem was successfully addressed by applying a matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure for rapid and efficient purification of the tissue extracts. Determination was made by ELISA on the basis of antibodies raised against sulfamethazine-diazo-bovine serum albumin conjugates. 

Inhalation exposure of guinea-pigs to toluene diisocyanates (3 h per day on five consecutive days) led to sensitization (antibody formation, pulmonary reactiveness to toluene diisocyanate-albumin conjugate), at exposure levels > 0.14 mg/m (Huang et al., 1993). 

Isocyanate-induced asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis in humans have been reviewed (Baur, 1995 Bernstein, 1996). A case of fatal asthma of a 4,4 -mcthylcncdiphcnyl diisocyanate-scnsitized subject has been described (Carino et al., 1997). Exposure to 4,4 -methylenediphcnyl diisocyanate is a frequent cause of occupational asthma (Liss et al., 1988 Vogelmcicr et al., 1991 Bernstein et al., 1993) but may also induce hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Malo Zeiss, 1982 Vandenplas et al., 1993) and inflammatory upper respiratory tract diseases (Liss et al., 1988 Littorin et al., 1994). Most patients with 4,4 -methylenediphcnyl diisocyanate-induced asthma have elevated levels of IgG-class antibodies towards 4,4 -methylenediphenyl diisocyanate-albumin conjugates in the plasma, while IgE-class antibodies are rare (Liss et al., 1988). 

Pauluhn, J. Mohr, U. (1994) Assessment of respiratory hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs sensitized to diphenylmethane-4,4 -diisocyanate (MDI) and challenged with MDI, acetylcholine or MDI-albumin conjugate. Toxicology, 92, 53-74... 

Antiserum specific for the biologically more active X-pentazocine has been produced in rabbits using an -pentazocine-2 -carboxymethyl ether-bovine serum albumin conjugate. A low 0.08 cross-reactivity was found for [Pg.391]

C. Albrecht, B. N. Melgert, J. Reichen, K. Poelstra, and D. K. F. Meijer, Effect of chronic bile duct obstruction and LPS upon targeting of naproxen to the fiver using naproxen-albumin conjugate, J. Drug Target 6 105-117 (1998). 

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