Brain synapses

Doucet, E., Pohl, M., Fattaccini, C. M. el al. (1995). In situ hybridization evidence for the synthesis of 5-UTib receptor in serotoninergic neurons of anterior raphe nuclei in the rat brain. Synapse 19, 18-28. 

Varnas, K., Hurd, Y. L. Hall, H. (2005). Regional expression of 5-HTib receptor mRNA in the human brain. Synapse 56, 21-8. 

Hirata, H., Asanuma, M., Cadet, J.L. Melatonin attenuates methamphetamine-induced toxic effects on dopamine and serotonin terminals in mouse brain. Synapse. 30 150, 1998. 

Mons, N., Yoshimura, M. and Cooper, D. Discrete expression of Ca+2/calmodulin-sensitive and Ca2+-insensitive adenylyl cyclases in the rat brain. Synapse 14 51-59,1993. 

There is now a growing interest in proteomic studies of brain synapses. Recent studies have revealed a high molecular complexity in the pre- and postsynaptic areas, with thousands of proteins [6]. An important investigation for the future is to identify posttranslational modifications, miscoded as well as misfolded proteins, likely to have an impact on different aspects of synaptic function as a response to the environment as well as to the lifestyle. The first challenge is to identify and quantify the presence and variation of different proteins in key structures of the pre- and postsynaptic areas in order to relate protein structures to synaptic function. Recently, a new model has been presented describing the molecular complexity of the synapse with important aspects in emotions, thinking, memory, and consciousness [7] (Fig. 17.2). 

Pilotte NS, Mitchell WM, Sharpe LG, De Souza EB, Dax EM. (1991). Chronic cocaine administration and withdrawal of cocaine modify neurotensin binding in rat brain. Synapse. 9(2) 111-20. 

Jafferali S, Dumont Y, Sotty F, Robitaille Y, Quirion R, et al. 2000. Insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of normal human and Alzheimer s disease brains. Synapse 38 450-459. 

Chefer SI, London ED, Koren AO, Pavlova OA, Kurian V, Kimes AS, Horti AG, Mukhin AG (2003) Graphical analysis of 2-[F-18]FA binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rhesus monkey brain. Synapse 48 25-34... 

Bher P, de Montigny C, Tardif D Short-term lithium treatment enhances responsiveness of postsynaptic 5-HTl A receptors without altering 5-EIT autoreceptor sensitivity an electrophysiological study in the rat brain. Synapse 1 225-232, 1987... 

Kabakov AY, Karkanias NB, Lenox RH, et al Synapse-specific accumulation of lithium in intracellular microdomains a model for uncoupling coincidence detection in the brain. Synapse 28 271-279, 1998... 

Substance Psychological effects in man Effects on behavior in animals Effects on catecholamines at brain synapses... 

Cumming, P., Shaw, C. and Vincent, S.R. (1991). High affinity histamine binding site is the H3-receptor - characterization and autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Synapse 8, 144-151. 

Osen-Sand A, Staple JK, Naldi E, Schiavo G, Rossetto O et al. (1996) Common and distinct fusion proteins in axonal growth and transmitter release. J Comp Neurol 367 222-34 Othman IB, Spokes JW, Dolly JO (1982) Preparation of neurotoxic 3H-beta-bungarotoxin demonstration of saturable binding to brain synapses and its inhibition by toxin I. Eur J Biochem 128 267-76... 

Kaltschmidt, C., Kaltschmidt, B., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1993). Brain synapses contain inducible forms of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Mech. Dev. 43, 135-147. 

Blier P, de Montigny C. Modification of 5-HT neuron properties by sustained administration of the 5-HT1A agonist gepirone electrophysiological studies in the rat brain Synapse 1987 1 470-480. 

Haddjeri N, Blier P. Pre- and post-synaptic effects of the 5-HT3 agonist 2-methyl-5-HT on the 5-HT system in the rat brain. Synapse 1995 20 54-67. 

Bonaventure P, Hall H, Gommeren W, et al. Mapping of serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor mRNA and ligand binding sites in the post-mortem human brain. Synapse... 

Pineyro G, de Montigny C, Weiss M, Bher P. Autoiegulatory properties of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons possible role of electrotonic coupling and 5-HT1D receptors in the rat brain. Synapse 1996 22 54-62. 

Benes FM, Khan Y, Vincent SL, Wickramasinghe R. 1996. Differences in the subregional and cellular distribution of GABAA receptor binding in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenic brain. Synapse 22 338-349. 

Scibilia RJ, Lachowicz JE, Rilts CD (1992) Topographic nonoverlapping distribution of D and D2 dopamine receptors in the amygdaloid nuclear complex of the rat brain. Synapse 77 146-154. 

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Schlyer D, Hitzemann R, Lieberman J, Angrist B, Pappas N, MacGregor R, Wolf AP (1994) Imaging endogenous dopamine competition with [I ICJraclopridc in the human brain. Synapse 76 255-262. 

Revay R, Vaughan R, Grant S, Kuhar MJ (1996) Dopamine transporter immunohistochemistry in median eminence, amygdala, and other areas of the rat brain. Synapse 22 93-99. 

Appel, N.M., Rapoport, S.I. and O Callaghan, J.E 1997a. Sequelae of parenteral domoic acid administration in rats comparison of effects on different anatomical markers in brain. Synapse 25, 350-358. 

Gao XM, Hashimoto T, Tamminga CA. Phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK801) exert time-dependent effects on the expression of immediate early genes in rat brain. Synapse 1998 29 14-28. 

COMT hypothesis. According to this hypothesis. St. John s wort increases the levels of catecholamines at the brain synapses by inhibiting their inactivation by oxidative deamination (MAOl) and by catechol functionalization (catechol-0-methyltransferase [COMTl). Recent studies have shown that hypericins possess such activities only at pharmacologically excessive concentrations. If true, these effects at normal doses are small and do nothing to alleviate depression. Other hypotheses suggest hormonal effects or effects on the dopaminergic system. Hyperforin has become a candidate for the major antidepressant constituent of St. John s wort. 

A reversible MAOl, as its name implies, is a much shorter-acting substance, and a potentially useful one when wisely combined with any tryptamine hallucinogen. The harmala alkaloids harmine and harmaline) present in Banisteriopsis caapi are reversible AAAOIs, with a life in the body of about six hours, which is just about the length of an average ayahuasca trip. What happens is that the harmala half of the ayahuasca brew inhibits the action of monoamine oxidase in the body, thus enabling the DMT half of the potion to interface with your brain synapses. Think of it as the harmala line-blocker making it possible for the DMT... 

Jo K, Derin R, Li M, Bredt DS (1999) Characterization of MALS/Velis-1,-2, and -3 a family of mammalian LlN-7 homologs enriched at brain synapses in association with the postsynaptic density-95/NMDA receptor postsynaptic complex. J Neurosci 79 4189-4199. 

Gehlert DR (1993) Quantitative autoradiography of Gpp(NH)p sensitive and insensitive pH]quinpirole binding sites in the rat brain. Synapse, 14, 113-120. 

Cocaine inhibits the transporters for norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Binding of cocaine to the dopamine transporter Inhibits reuptake of dopamine, thus prolonging signaling at key brain synapses indeed, the dopamine transporter Is the principal brain cocaine receptor. Therapeutic agents such as the antidepressant drugs fluoxetine (Prozac) and imipramlne block serotonin uptake, and the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine blocks norepinephrine uptake. I... 

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