Bowel disorders

Chronic diarrhea lasts for longer than 4 weeks. Most cases result from functional or inflammatory bowel disorders, endocrine disorders, malabsorption syndromes and drugs (including laxative abuse). In chronic diarrhea, daily watery stools may not occur. Diarrhea may be either intermittent or persistent. 

Longstreth GE, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Eunctional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006 130(5) 1480-91. 

I Unlabeled Uses Treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders, malaria... 

Persons with cognitive decline may respond to rivastigmine (1.5-6 mg twice daily), memantine (5-10 mg daily), or donepezil (5-10 mg daily) (see Chapter 60) affective disorders to antidepressants or anxiolytic agents (see Chapter 30) excessive daytime sleepiness to modafinil (100-400 mg in the morning) (see Chapter 9), and bladder and bowel disorders to appropriate symptomatic therapy (see Chapter 8). 

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two distinct disorders ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. The etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders remains unknown. For this reason, pharmacologic treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders often involves drugs that belong to different therapeutic classes and have different but nonspecific mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action. Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease are chosen on the basis of disease severity, responsiveness, and drug... 

Spiller R Recent advances in understanding the role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility in functional bowel disorders Alterations in 5-HT signaling and metabolism in human disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007 19(Suppl 2) 25. 

The 1 ounce to 1 pint infusion is widely used as a mouth-wash and gargle, and for the cleansing of wounds and ulcers. Frequently combined with Slippery Elm as a poultice. With a little Ginger and Pennyroyal it is recommended for the stomach and bowel disorders of children. 

Heavy metals, like lead and mercury, have been recognized as toxic poisons for centuries. Further, toxic concentrations of mercury, for example, can trigger several effects like autoimmune diseases, infections, unexplained chronic fatigue, depression, nerve impairment, memory problems, decreased mental clarity, and bowel disorders. For several decades, mercury vapor exposure has caused severe health problems among chloralkali workers. This is only an example. It may be repeated that education can effectively minimize exposure to hazardous metals. Basic information and training for proper handling of toxic chemicals will reduce potential adverse health effects. 

Codeine and morphine should be used with caution in hypotension, hypothyroidism, asthma (avoid during an attack) and decreased respiratory reserve, shock, prostatic hypertrophy, obstructive or inflammatory bowel disorders, diseases of the biliary tract, pregnancy and breastfeeding. They may precipitate coma in patients with hepatic impairment and as such, they should be avoided or a reduced dose used. In patients with renal impairment, the dose should be reduced or they should be avoided. If used in the elderly and debilitated, the dose should be reduced. 

Aminothiazolines, (V), prepared by Bigot (6) and aminothiazoline aromatic derivatives, (VI), prepared by Carry (7) were effective as inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and used in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorder, and asthma. 

Pyrazolo-pyrimidine anilines, (IV), and thiazolecarboxamide derivatives, (V), prepared by Das (4,5), respectively, mediated the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and COX-II and were used in treating inflammatory bowel disorder. 

It is well known that women are more sensitive to several types of pain than men and functional bowel disorders are 2-3 times more prevalent in women (Berkley,... 

Oleum Ricini (castor oil) A purgative and laxative. Stille touts its benefits in bowel disorders and asserts that in dysentery it is generally sufficient for the cure. ... 

Pemer A and Rask Madsen J, Review article the potential role of nitric oxide in chronic inflammatory bowel disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13(2) 135-44, 1999. 

Peppermint (menthe piperita) Peppermint stimulates appetite, aids in digestion, and treats bowel disorders when taken internally. Hot peppermint tea stimulates circulation, reduces fever, clears congestion, and helps restore energy. Peppermint is used to treat tension headache when rubbed on the forehead and is as effective as extra-strength Tylenol in relieving headache. 

IBS is a group of bowel disorders, of which the characteristic features are abdominal pain or discomfort associated with irregularities in defecation, and for which no underlying pathology can be found. 

Irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS) a common functional bowel disorder. Symptoms include abdominal bloating and pain in several abdominal areas. The cause is not known (see Chapter 14). 

Holzer P (2001) Gastrointestinal afferents as targets of novel drugs for the treatment of functional bowel disorders and visceral pain. Eur J Pharmacol 429 177-193... 

Thompson WG, Longstreth GE, Drossman DA, et al. Eunctional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut 1999 45(Suppl II) II43— 1147. 

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder exhibiting the following characteristics abdominal pain, symptoms of distnrbed defecation (urgency, straining, and feeling of incomplete evacnation), altered stool consistency, and altered stool freqnency and timing. There are also symptoms of bloatedness (distention). 

IBS is a functional bowel disorder exhibiting the following characteristics abdominal pain, symptoms of disturbed... 

Fig. 2. Rate of disappearance of i C-labeled conjugated trihydroxy bile salts from the enterohepatic circulation 24 hr after intravenous injection into student volunteers, patients with jejunocolic fistula, and patients with other distal small bowel disorders. O, Resection, volvulus A, resection, regional enteritis A, no resection, radiation no resection, active regional enteritis (see Table I). In part from Heaton et al. (3).

Hollerbach S, Geissler A, Schiegl H et al (1998) The accuracy of abdominal ultrasound in the assessment of bowel disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 33 1201-1208... 

Tuteja AK, Biskupiak J, Stoddard GJ, Lipman AG. Opioid-induced bowel disorders and narcotic bowel syndrome in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010 22(4) 424-30 e96. 

Gastrointestinal Of 8 patients with microscopic colitis, either lymphocytic (n = 7) or collagenous ( = 1), during treatment with lansoprazole, most were women and all were older than 60 years [57 ]. None had a history of neoplastic disorders and all were negative for celiac disease antibodies. In most cases, the symptoms started within a few weeks (median 22, range 5-180 days). In all cases, both chronological and causality likelihood scores supported a causative role of lansoprazole. In particular, withdrawal of lansoprazole and substitution of other proton pump inhibitors was followed by resolution of the bowel disorder (median 7, range 4-15 days), without need for further treatment. All were followed up for at least 4 months without symptom recurrence. 

Paulsen SR, Huprich JE, Fletcher JC et al (2006) CT enterog-raphy as a diagnostic tool in evaluating small bowel disorders review of clinical experience with over 700 cases. Radiographics 26 641-662... 

The technique of enteroclysis is considered the gold standard for the radiological investigation of small bowel disorders (Maglinte et al. 1996a Bender et al. 1999 Schmidt et al. 2005), since only volume challenges results in homogenous luminal distention, which is mandatory for the detection of intestinal diseases. 

Neutral contrast agents have been shown to be valuable in the diagnosis of small-bowel disorders, including ischemia, neoplasms, and Crohn disease. 

Demulcents—especially psyllium hulls—are ideal for treatment of irritable bowel disorders. Alginates from seaweeds are used in... 

In monogastric, and particularly human, nutrition the term dietary fibre is often used and attention has been focused on its importance in relation to health. Dietary fibre (DF) was defined as lignin plus those polysaccharides that cannot be digested by monogastric endogenous enzymes. Initially epidemiological studies linked a lack of DF to constipation, gut and bowel disorders, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes however, the causes of such diseases are multifactorial and in some cases it is not just DF per se that has the beneficial effects but other aspects of the diet also (e.g. antioxidants). Nevertheless, DF is a major component related to health in humans and it has equally important effects in animals (see below). 

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