Bovine liver analysis

The literature includes a number of mis-matches, the following standing as examples for the many The use of bovine liver and other animal tissues for QC in the analysis of hmnan body fluids should not be considered by analysts. The matrix and the levels of trace elements do not match the levels to be analyzed, which may lead to serious errors. An even more severe mis-use was recently reported by Schuhma-cher et al. (1996) for NIST SRM 1577a Bovine Liver, which was used for QC in the analysis of trace elements in plant materials and soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator. Also recently, Cheung and Wong (1997) described how the quality control for the analysis of trace elements in clams (shellfish) and sediments was performed with the same material NIST SRM 1646, Estuarine sediment. Whilst the selected SRM was appropriate for sediments, its usefulness as a QC tool for clams is difficult to prove see also Chapter 8. This inappropriate use is the more mystifying because a broad selection of suitable shellfish RMs from various producers is available. 

The analysis of soils and plant material are common examples used to demonstrate ICP applications. Dahlquist and Knoll(43) compared the preparation and ICP analyses of botanicals (16 elements) and soils (11 elements) with few exceptions the ICP values for the CII botanicals were in excellent agreement with the assigned values, and the soil analyses were in excellent agreement with FAA analyses of soil digests. )ones( 4) reported the analysis of 17 elements in plant material and soils but confirmation of the two analyses was not given. Alder, et. aJ.(75) describe the unique analysis of ammonia-nitrogen in soils by gas evolution into an ICP no interferences were observed from the concomitants evaluated and acceptable recoveries were obtained. Irons et. al.(76) compared the ICP analyses of 13 elements in NBS orchard leaves and bovine liver to the data obtained by FAA and energy dispersive x-ray. 

Accuracy, Precision, and Detection Limits — Analytical cost, accuracy, precision, and detection limits are the four main evaluation criteria for selecting an analytical method. Detection limit information will not be givdn here, as it is easily obtained from the literature or from instrument manufacturers. The analysis of NBS orchard leaves and bovine liver is often used to demonstrate the accuracy and precision of ICP analysis. We feel that the analysis of United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Canadian Centre for Mineral Energy Technology (CANMET) standard rocks, is a more rigorous test of ICP analytical accuracy because of the resistance to sample... 

The slowest step, which determines the speed of the entire analysis, is the sample decomposition step. Digestion of organic materials has generally taken the longest time of all sample types. Although it is true that most of these procedures could be made very efficient in batch operations, efforts to reduce preparation time by modification of procedures could prove invaluable to a routine laboratory(59). Some examples of this as applied to the analysis of bovine liver(60) and orange juice(61) can be found. 

In many applications, relatively large quantities of anhydrous sodium sulfate can be added to the sample, prior to extraction by organic solvents, in order to enhance the partitioning process (333-336, 341, 342, 354, 365, 370). In some instances, such as in the analysis of clorsulon in bovine liver and milk, addition of hydroxylamine hydrochloride is often recommended prior to extraction (329, 360). The use of this agent is to prevent interactions between the analyte and endogenous aldehydes that lead to loss of recovery. 

Despite its inherent analytical difficulties, gas chromatography on capillary columns in combination with sensitive and specific mass spectrometry has been widely used for separation of these analytes. Typical examples of such applications are those interfacing gas chromatography with mass spectrometry via electron impact (470, 484, 480, 489), chemical ionization (481, 478, 483, 473), or both interfaces (474, 475, 487, 488). Apart from mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry has also been suggested as an alternative very useful identification tool in the area of the -agonist analysis. Capillary gas chromatography with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was successfully employed to monitor clenbuterol, mabuterol, and salbutamol residues in bovine liver and urine (471). 

A method to prepare milk powder, bovine liver, and bovine muscle samples for analysis by ET-AAS was proposed by Martins et al. [9]. Samples were mixed with a small amount of TMAH and a stable and homogeneous slurry was produced in ca 2h with heating at 60D70G. After such sample preparation and dilution with water, trace elements (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) were determined in CRMs. External calibration was used for every analyte. 

Bogialli S, Curini R, Di Corda A et al. (2003) Confirmatory analysis of sulfonamide antibacterials in bovine liver and kidney extraction with hot water and liquid chromatography coupled to a single- or triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17 1146-1156... 

The accuracy of the method has been assessed by analysis of a standard sample of bovine liver from the National Bureau of Standards and a standard sulfonated hydrocarbon. For the bovine liver the sulfur content by combustion/ ion chromatography was about 1.2% below the accepted value whereas for the standard hydrocarbon, with a reported sulfur content of 0.97%, combustion/ion... 

US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards Certificate of Analysis, Standard Reference Material 1567, Wheat Flour, Washington, D.C., 1978 Standard Reference Material 1568, Rice Flour Standard Reference Material 1570, Spinach Standard Reference Material 1571, Orchard Leaves Standard Reference Material 1573, Tomato Leaves Standard Reference Material 1577, Bovine Liver. 

This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of the multielement analysis of biologically related samples using induction-coupled plasma optical emission. The sample categories covered include grains, feeds, fish, bovine liver, orchard leaves, and human kidney stones. These materials have been simultaneously analyzed for copper, nickel, vanadium, chromium, phosphorus, cobalt, lead, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, strontium, sodium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, silicon, boron, and beryllium, often with limited amounts of sample. 

Fig. 2 ESI LC/MS/MS analysis of penicillins fortified at a concentration of 0.05 mg/kg in bovine liver, (a) Mass chromatograms monitored at [M-H-141] (b) tandem mass spectra of penicillins recorded at the top of each peak on the mass chromatograms (a).

Summary of lectin blot analysis of bovine liver A -acetylglucosamine-l-phosphodiester a-lV-acetyl-... 

Porter, D. J. Boyd, F. L. 1991 ]. Biol. Chem. 266, 21616—21625 Mechanism of bovine liver S-adenosylhomo-cysteine hydrolase. Steady-state and pre-steadystate kinetic analysis. 

Draisci and co-workers performed interesting research for the extraction of relatively polar analytes such as musk compounds in Italian fresh water fish (60) and corticosteroids in bovine liver (61). For musk components, alumina was utilized in the extraction cell to hinder co-extraction of lipids. The FFR values for these investigations were in the range 0.002 and 0.05, and in no case did they report problems with the presence of fet during the chromatographic analysis. For corticosteroids, a different concept was used, where fat was selectively extracted with pure hexane, followed by elution of the analytes in a second step. 

Appella and Tomkins (128) detected four tryptophan residues per subunit in the bovine liver enzyme by spectral analysis and titration with A-bromosuccinimide. A value of 3.4 was obtained by colorimetric titration with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (130), while three tryptophan... 

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