Analysis liver

Kahl AC, Mindru C, Botha JF, Grant WJ, Mercer DF, OUvera MA, et al. Risk of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk Uver transplant recipients on valganciclovir prophylaxis a systematic review and meta-analysis, liver Transpl 2012 18(12) 1440-7. 

THE LIFE-TIME ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF HUMAN LIVER PUNCTURES (SRXRF)... 

The ability to identify and quantify cyanobacterial toxins in animal and human clinical material following (suspected) intoxications or illnesses associated with contact with toxic cyanobacteria is an increasing requirement. The recoveries of anatoxin-a from animal stomach material and of microcystins from sheep rumen contents are relatively straightforward. However, the recovery of microcystin from liver and tissue samples cannot be expected to be complete without the application of proteolytic digestion and extraction procedures. This is likely because microcystins bind covalently to a cysteine residue in protein phosphatase. Unless an effective procedure is applied for the extraction of covalently bound microcystins (and nodiilarins), then a negative result in analysis cannot be taken to indicate the absence of toxins in clinical specimens. Furthermore, any positive result may be an underestimate of the true amount of microcystin in the material and would only represent free toxin, not bound to the protein phosphatases. Optimized procedures for the extraction of bound microcystins and nodiilarins from organ and tissue samples are needed. 

Gel permeation ehromatography (GPC)/normal-phase HPLC was used by Brown-Thomas et al. (35) to determine fat-soluble vitamins in standard referenee material (SRM) samples of a fortified eoeonut oil (SRM 1563) and a eod liver oil (SRM 1588). The on-line GPC/normal-phase proeedure eliminated the long and laborious extraetion proeedure of isolating vitamins from the oil matrix. In faet, the GPC step permits the elimination of the lipid materials prior to the HPLC analysis. The HPLC eolumns used for the vitamin determinations were a 10 p.m polystyrene/divinylbenzene gel eolumn and a semipreparative aminoeyano eolumn, with hexane, methylene ehloride and methyl tert-butyl ether being employed as solvent. 

Polysaccharide Analysis of Liver Biopsy Specimens Obtained at Laparotomy, D. J. Tipper, M. Stacey, and S. A. Barker, Clin. Chim. Acta, 4 (1959) 861-866. 

Figure 5.41 The total-ion-current (TIC) trace and reconstructed ion chromatograms from the predicted pseudomolecular ions of Indinavir m/z 614) and its mono- (m/z 630) and dihydroxy metabolites (m/z 646), generated from full-scan LC-MS analysis of an incubation of Indinavir with rat liver S9. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science from Identification of in vitro metabolites of Indinavir by Intelligent Automated LC-MS/MS (INTAMS) utilizing triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry , by Yu, X., Cui, D. and Davis, M. R., Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 10, pp. 175-183, Copyright 1999 by the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Ealagas ME, Paya C, Ruthazer R, Badley A, Patel R, Wiesner R et al. (1998) Significance of cytomegalovirus for long-term survival after orthotopic liver transplantation a prospective derivation and validation cohort analysis. Transplantation 66 1020-1028 Field AK (1999) Human cytomegalovirus challenges, opportunities and new drug development. Antivir Chem Chemother 10 219-232... 

Of the 91 samples of breast milk analyzed, only 2 had detectable quantities of endosulfan (concentrations not specified). In another study, the transfer of endosulfan and its metabolites were studied in breast milk of lactafing goats (Indraningsih et al. 1993). Endosulfan residues in milk of goats administered a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days reached 0.02 mg/kg on day 1. However, by day 8, no residues or metabolites could be detected. Likewise, no endosulfan residues could be detected in the tissues of kids except for a-endosulfan in the liver at a concentration of 0.0011 mg/kg. Analysis of milk from cows... 

GC/MS has been employed by Demeter et al. (1978) to quantitatively detect low-ppb levels of a- and P-endosulfan in human serum, urine, and liver. This technique could not separate a- and P-isomers, and limited sensitivity confined its use to toxicological analysis following exposures to high levels of endosulfan. More recently, Le Bel and Williams (1986) and Williams et al. (1988) employed GC/MS to confirm qualitatively the presence of a-endosulfan in adipose tissue previously analyzed quantitatively by GC/ECD. These studies indicate that GC/MS is not as sensitive as GC/ECD. Mariani et al. (1995) have used GC in conjunction with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to determine alpha- and beta-endosulfan in plasma and brain samples with limits of detection reported to be 5 ppb in each matrix. Details of commonly used analytical methods for several types of biological media are presented in Table 6-1. 

One study conducted in Britain between 1983 and 1989 was of barn owls found dead in the field 10% of the sample of 145 birds contained anticoagulant rodenticide residues in their livers, and difenacoum and brodifacoum were prominent among them (Newton et al. 1990). In another study, barn owls were fed rats that had been dosed with flocoumafen. It was found that a substantial proportion of the rodenticide ingested by owls was eliminated in pellets (Eadsforth et al. 1991). The authors suggest that exposure of owls to rodenticides in the field may be monitored by analysis of pellets dropped at roosts or regular perching places. 

Reichert, W.L., French, B.L, and Stein, J.E. et al. (1991). 32P postlabelling analysis of the persistence of bulky hydrophobic xenobiotic-DNA adducts in the liver of English sole, a marine fish. In Proceedings of the 82nd Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Houston, TXP, 87. 

Medvedev AE, Veselovsky AV, Shvedov VI, Tikhonova OV, Moskvitina TA, Fedotova OA, et al. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by pirlindole analogues 3D-QSAR and CoMFA analysis. / Chem Inf Comput Sci 1998 38 1137-44. Miller JR, Edmondson DE. Structure-activity relationships in the oxidation of para-substituted benzylamine analogues by recombinant human liver monoamine oxidase A. Biochemistry 1999 38 13670-83. 

Solberg and co-workers have applied discriminate analysis of clinical laboratory tests combined with careful clinical and anatomic diagnoses of liver disease in order to determine which combinations of the many dozen liver diagnostic tests available are the bes t ( ). These authors found that the measurement of GPT, GMT, GOT, ALP and ceruloplasmin were the most useful enzymatic tests, when combined with other non-enzymatic tests such as the measurement of bilirubin, cholesterol, hepatitis-B associated Australian antigen, etc. Another group of highly useful enzymes, not discussed in this review, are those clotting factors and the enzyme cholinesterase which are synthesized by the liver cells. 

Diagnosis of liver diseases by laboratory results and discriminant analysis. Identification of best combinations of laboratory tests. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 

Evenson, M. A. and Anderson, C. T., Jr. Ultramlcro Analysis for Copper, Cadmium and Zinc In Human Liver Tissue by Use of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and the Heated Graphite Tube Atomizer". Clin. Chem. (1975), 2, 537-543. 

Analysis of reaction mixtures for 1-propanol and 2-propanol following incubation of NDPA with various rat liver fractions in the presence of an NADPH-generating system is shown in Table I ( ). Presence of microsomes leads to production of both alcohols, but there was no propanol formed with either the soluble enzyme fraction or with microsomes incubated with SKF-525A (an inhibitor of cytochrome P450-dependent oxidations). The combined yield of propanols from 280 ymoles of NDPA was 6.1 ymoles and 28.5 ymoles for the microsomal pellet and the 9000 g supernatant respectively. The difference in the ratio of 1- to 2-propanol in the two rat liver fractions may be due to differences in the chemical composition of the reaction mixtures (2) Subsequent experiments have shown that these ratios are quite reproducible. For comparison, Table I also shows formation of propanols following base catalyzed decomposition of N-propyl-N-nitrosourea. As expected (10,11), both propanol isomers were formed, the total yield in this case being almost quantitative. 

Analysis of 1-propanol and 2-propanol obtained by Incubation of N-nltrosodl-n-propylamlne (NDPA) with rat liver fractions and Incubation of N-propyl-N-nltrosourea (PNU) In 0.1 M trls buffer, pH 7.4 at... 

---