Fresh water fish

Snyder, S.B., M.J. Richard, J.P. Thilsted, R.C. Drewien, and J.C. Lewis. 1992. Lead poisoning in a whooping crane, pages 207-210 in D.A. Wood (ed.). Proceedings of the 1988 North American Crane Workshop. State Florida Game Fresh Water Fish Comm. Nongame Wildl. Prog. Tech. Rep. 12. 

Tulasi, S.J., P.U.M. Reddy, and J.V.R. Rao. 1989. Effects of lead on the spawning potential of the fresh water fish, Anabas testudineus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 858-863. 

Zi cik, M., Podeszewski, Z., Kolakowski, E., Investigations on liquid feed production from fresh water fish and sea fish, Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Szczecinie, zeszyt Agricultura, 22, 1966, 217. 

Only two of the 28 milk samples (both from Oswego) were below the detection limit of 0.01 ng/g (ppb), while 16 of 24 colostrum samples in Albany, 10 of 18 colostrum samples from Oswego, and 2 of 4 colostrum samples from Rochester were below the detection limit. None of the women reported eating fresh water fish, a possible source of the mirex contamination (Bush et al. 1983a). 

Stanton, R.H. and Khan, M.A.Q. Components of the mixed-function oxidase of hepatic microsomes of fresh water fishes. Gen. Pharmac. (1975) 6, 289-29 +. 

In summary, from the stanc int of risks and benefits, the benefits far outweigh the risks. Tliere are many health benefits to be derived from eating fish and shellfish as long as the nutritional quality is assured. Seafood and fresh water fish, as well as shellfish, are excellent foods. They are a renewable... 

The kidney of most fish is primarily involved in hematopoiesis and osmoregulation. Fresh-water fish are hypertonic relative to the water. The continual osmotic uptake of water is balanced by production of as large amounts as 2-4 ml/kg/h of dilute urine. Salt-water fish, on the other hand, are hypotonic relative to their environment, resulting in body water loss. In response, marine species produce much smaller volumes of urine. Large differences exist among different fish species in regard to nephron structure to facilitate these functional responses. These features may influence the renal contribution to drug disposition apprecia-... 

In a semistatic acute fish toxicity test (Leuciscus idus, melanotus, fresh water fish) a saturated solution with different blue pigment compounds (with unsolved material on the bottom or filtrated solution) no death occurred within 96 hours. Based on the quantity weighed the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) is greater than 1000 mg/1 (nominal concentrations) [3.222],... 

The red tide alga Prymnesium parvum poses a serious threat to fish farming. Prymnesin-2 (184) (CggHnsC NC ), the major toxin of the phytoflagellate, shows potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic properties. The minimum concentration to cause hemolysis of a 1% mouse blood cell suspension and to kill fresh water fish, Tanichthys albonubes, is 3 nM [145]. 

Based on previous works on Homeopathy we have hypothesized that the primary target of a homeopathic potency in an organism is the water-channel protein or aquaporin (Sukul and Sukul, 2001). Aquaporins occur in all life forms and facilitate permeation of water across biological membranes. We have discussed in details about the structure and function of aquaporins and their relation to health and disease in chapter IV. There are several types of aquaporins (AQP) and one type AQP1 occurs abundantly in red blood cells of vertebrates. If the primary target of a homeopathic potency is aquaporin, application of a homeopathic potency on cell membranes would affect water flow into the cells. In order to test this hypothesis we treated red blood cells of a fresh water fish (Clarius batrachus) with Mercuric chloride 30 (Merc cor 30) and Nux vomica 30 (Nux vom 30) separately in a hypotonic medium. In the control red cells were treated with Ethanol 30. The diluent medium in all the three potencies consisted of 90% ethanol and 10% distilled water. 

Ota, T. and Yamada, M. (1975). Fatty acids of four fresh-water fish lipids. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 26,277-288. 

In the second study (Muhammad, 2006), we analyzed six species of fresh water fishes and seven species of marine organisms. Beside OCPs, we also analyzed congener-specific PCBs in order to determine the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) attributed to PCB contaminations in these samples. All samples of fresh water fishes collected in the northern region of... 

Table 14.5. Levels of POPs in several fresh water fishes in Malaysia (Muhammad, 2006)...

Yamagishi T, Miyazaki T, Akiyama K, et al. 1981. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial diphenyl ether herbicides and in fresh water fish collected from the application area. Chemosphere 10 1137-1144. 

Kanazawa, J. (1981) Measurement of the bioconcentration factors of pesticides by fresh-water fish and their correlation with physicochemical properties of acute toxicities. Pest. Sci. 12, 417 124. 

Kaiser, K.L.E., Dixon, D.G., Hodson, PV. (1984) QSAR studies on chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and para-substituted phenols. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology. Kaiser, K. L. E., Ed., pp. 189-206, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kamlet, M.J., Doherty, R.M., Carr, P.W., Mackay, D., Abraham, M.H., Taft, R.W. (1988) Linear solvation energy relationship. 44. Parameter estimation rules that allow accurate prediction of octanol/water partition coefficients and other solubility and toxicity properties of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 503-509. Kanazawa, J. (1981) Measurement of the bioconcentration factors of pesticides by fresh-water fish and their correlation with physicochemical properties of acute toxicities. Pest. Sci. 12, 417-424. 

T.S.S. Dikshith, R.B. Raizada, R.P. Singh, S.N. Kumar, K.P. Gupta, R.A. Kaushal, Acute toxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane in mice, rats, rabbits, pigeons, and fresh water fish. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 31 113, 1989. 

There is also a change in the benthic invertebrates which constitute an important group of fish food animals and are a quite sensitive pH indicator. Below pH 4.5 no crustaceous, snails and mussels are found and no important fresh water fish can live. 

Fresh-water fish have disappeared from many lakes and fish-ponds in Scandinavia and Canada, causing serious economic loss. The first to disappear, due to their greater susceptibility, are the salmonids. So, for example, in the south of Norway where there is high acid precipitation whereas the neutralizing action of the soil is poor, about half of the lakes have lost their trout population. In an area of 13,000 km almost all the lakes have lost their fish. In another further area of 20,000 km the number of fish has been drastically reduced and they will soon disappear altogether. Between Telemark and Lista there are 14... 

As demonstrated by this table, a wide variety of samples has been adopted since 1970, among which are liquid milk, animal bones, human bones, foods, low-level radioactive liquid waste, ground water, mineral water, river sediment, seaweed, pond water, fresh water fish, cereals, seawater, rain water, drinking water, soil, and vegetation. 

Aquatic life and products (sea and fresh water) Fish... 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1954) Standards Test Methods for Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Water to Fresh-water Fishes. Annual Book of Standards — Water D1345—45T. ASTM, Philadelphia. 

The composition of fish striated muscle with respect to water, proteins, and lipids differs widely from one species to another, and within a species seasonal variations may occur. The influence of this factor has been investigated by Van Wyk (1944). In fatty fishes, an important increase in fat content is observed in Spring or in Summer, with a corresponding decrease in water content, while the nitrogen values remain relatively constant. Determinations made on many species by various authors have been compiled by Jacquot and Creac h (1950). Other evaluations have been done more recently on numerous Spanish fishes (De Las Heras and Mendez Isla, 1952) on a few Kolhapur fresh-water fishes (Airan and Joshi, 1952), and on Skipper Cololabis saira) (Tsuchiya et ah, 1953). Some of the figures given by Jacquot and Creac h (1950) are reproduced in Table I, which contains for each species a mean value or sometimes two values corresponding to the limits of variation. Water accounts for three-... 

Why this difference in metabolism Baldwin showed that it could be related to the availability of water to the different species. In fresh-water fishes, water is constantly available and continually diffuses into and out of the fish. Under these circumstances the ammonia formed will be washed out of the bloodstream as a very dilute solution and carried away into the surrounding water, without there being time for toxic concentrations to accumulate. Bony sea-fishes are in a similar position, complicated by the fact that the water in which they live contains salt at a higher concentration than that in the blood, and they therefore have to take steps against either too great an influx of these salts from the sea, or too great a loss of water into the sea. So they can only excrete part of their nitrogen as ammonia, but have to convert the remainder (about one-third) into other less poisonous substances. 

IGF 1 will also produce reduction on bodyfat levels in much the same way as conventional growth hormone and for very similar reasons. For this reason, the diet must have a level of essential fatty acids. I suggest supplementing with a daily tablespoon of extra virgin olive oil for the omega three fatty acids plus a daily portion of fresh water fish like salmon, trout, or even sardine. 

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