Sulfonation hydrocarbons

Coarse aggregate was crushed limestone with a maximum size of 19 mm. Fine aggregate was natural sand. Air-entraining admixture was a sulfonated hydrocarbon. 

Neutralized vinsol resin, sulfonated hydrocarbon, and fatty-acid (detergent)-based AEAs give satisfactory AVSs, but at low dosages, only synthetic detergent-based materials can produce an adequate and stable spacing factor. 

Knackmuss, H.-J., Degradation of halogenated and sulfonated hydrocarbons . In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds, Academic, T. Leisinger, R. Hiitter, A. M. Cook and J. Niiesch, Eds., New York, 1981, pp. 189-212. 

The accuracy of the method has been assessed by analysis of a standard sample of bovine liver from the National Bureau of Standards and a standard sulfonated hydrocarbon. For the bovine liver the sulfur content by combustion/ ion chromatography was about 1.2% below the accepted value whereas for the standard hydrocarbon, with a reported sulfur content of 0.97%, combustion/ion... 

The most common surfactants used in surfactant flooding are sulfonated hydrocarbons. The term crude oil sulfonates refers to the product when a crude oil is sulfonated after it has been topped. Petroleum sulfonates are sulfonates produced when an intermediate-molecular-weight refinery stream is sulfonated, and synthetic sulfonates are the product when a relatively pure organic compound is sulfonated (Green and Willhite, 1998). Surfactants stable above 200°C are, almost exclusively, sulfonate groups, while sulfate moieties decompose rapidly at temperatures above 100°C (Isaacs et al., 1994). Thermal stability of sulfonates increases in the following order (Ziegler, 1988) ... 

Sandin. [Sandoz] Sulfonated hydrocarbon andstat toPVC, talc, etc. 

According to the backbone structures, sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs can be classified as sulfonated polystyrene copolymers... 

Park et al. summarized the properties of sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs shown in Eigure 21.54. Nafion 112 with lEC of about 0.91 mequiv. g was used as a reference sample. Hydrocarbon-based random copolymers without specific functionality or side chain were compared with Nafion. Hydrocarbon-based random copolymers without specific functionality or side chain show similar or lower water uptake values than Nafion with the similar lECs at 25°C. Additionally, they exhibit much lower proton condnc-tivity as compared to Nafion with the same lEC. The poor performance of hydrocarbon-based random copolymer is caused by the inefficient aggregation of sulfonic acid gronps that are attached to the backbone directly (withont side chain). In contrast, the snlfonic acid groups of Nafion are decorated at the side chains, and even at low lEC valne, the... 

Most of grafted and branched sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs have lower water uptake values as compared to other sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs, so they exhibit great dimensional stability. In the case of the lEC values below 1.3 mequiv. g", their proton conductivities are relatively lower than other PEMs. However, when the lEC values are over 1.3 mequiv. g", their proton conductivities increase drastically to very high values (0.1-0.2 S cm" at 25°C). This behavior indicates that flexible side chains containing sulfonic acid groups help with the formation of water channels for... 

C.H. Park, C.H. Lee, M.D. Guiver, Y.M. Lee, Sulfonated hydrocarbon membranes for medium-temperature and low-humidity proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Progress in Polymer Science 2011, 36(11), 1443-1498. 

DTA studies revealed a rather strong interaction between water molecules in sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers and their sulfonic acid groups, which leads to high proton conductivities at high temperature and low hiunidity. 

In general, it is known that the proton conductivity does not directly correlate with either water uptake or lEC for any of the polymers applicable in fuel cell technology. Sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers usually have greater water uptake than the perfluorosulfonic polymers in order to achieve the same proton conductivity, which is probably because the acid content in the hydrocarbon polymers is much lower... 

Chang, J.H., Park, J.H., Park, G.G., Kim, C.S. and Park, 0.0. 2003. E roton-conducting composite membrane derived from sulfonated hydrocarbon and inorganic materials. 

Perhaps these observations can be generalized to the other optimization parameters, i.e. sulfonate, hydrocarbon molecular weight and temperature. 

Another typical kind of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, sulfonated polysulfone (sPSU), has also been imbibed with triazole [84, 85]. In a doped membrane of a base doping level of 8.3, the pulsed field magnetic gradient (PFG) NMR spectroscopy showed a self-diffusion coefficient of the triazole 4-5 times lower than that... 

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