Bottleneck reduction

While operating 7000 hr one will be able to process 7000/0.72, or 9722 batches/year. Each batch will then contain 2 x 106/0.97(9722), or 212 lb. The necessary reactor volume will then be 28 gal. Under these circumstances the times necessary to perform the nonreactive operations would undoubtedly be somewhat reduced. One should recognize that these steps will be the bottlenecks in this operation. The required reactor size is definitely on the small side, and it would be preferable to operate in a larger reactor and process a smaller number of batches per year with attendant reductions in labor requirements. 

The scheduling task can be simplified by a reduction of the model (e.g., using single-step process orders that only consider the bottleneck resources). As usual, one has to compromise between effort and precision. 

These selection and evaluation criteria were applied systematically to four technological fields, three of which contribute to new energy-efficient solutions. Passive houses, for example, with their major components of insulation solutions, window systems, ventilation and control techniques are close to market diffusion within the next ten years. Fuel cells for mobile uses in vehicles, however, are still a long way from market introduction, for instance, because of unresolved problems regarding the deactivation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the need for cost reductions by about one order of magnitude. Other types of fuel cells for stationary uses may be closer to market introduction, owing to less severe technical bottlenecks and better economic competitiveness. 

On the other hand, it should be pointed out that, in addition to the protective effect of passivation, the passivated interface also acts as a barrier to the facile ion transport that occurs between the electrode and electrolyte. More often than not, the bottleneck for the overall battery chemistry is constituted by passivation. Excessive passivation is especially undesired because it reduces the power performance of the cell. For lithium ion cells, this power reduction usually happens on the cathode surface. 

The Co/Mn/Br now eliminates the bottleneck caused by the presence of Co(in)s. The steady state concentration of Co(III) is also much lower caused by its rapid reduction by Mn(II). This reduces carboxylic acid decomposition. We have measured the rate of Mn(III) oxidaion of bromide in the presence and absence of p-xylene and do not find any difference in rate. Hence the system also eliminates the slow Co(III) + chlorotoluene reaction. This sequence of reactions is overall faster and more selective than either the thermal or cobalt catalyzed oxidation of m-chlorotoluene. 

The use of Effective Core Potential operators reduces the computational problem in three ways the primitive basis set can be reduced, the contracted basis set can be reduced and the occupied orbital space can be reduced. The reduction of the occupied orbital space is almost inconsequential in molecular calculations, since it neither affects the number of integrals nor the size of the matrices which has to be diagonalized. The reduction of the primitive basis set is of course more important, but since the integral evaluation time is in general not the bottleneck in molecular calculations, this reduction is still of limited importance. There are some cases where the size of the primitive basis set indeed is important, e.g. in direct SCF procedures. The size of the contracted basis set is very important, however. The bottleneck in normal SCF or Cl calculations is the disc storage and/or the iteration time. Both the disc storage and the iteration time depend strongly on the number of contracted functions. 

As far as the sheet image scanner is concerned, another remaining issue is spatial resolution, which is currently 36 dpi. To improve the resolution we must reduce the size of both organic transistors and organic photo detectors. Reduction of device dimensions is not very difficult, but the bottleneck is the size of via interconnections. To reduce the diameter of via holes, we are currently working very hard to replace a CO2 laser with other short wavelength lasers, for example excimer lasers and/or YAG lasers. We believe that 600 dpi would be feasible in the near future. 

AC VS. PEN formation rate has a maximum at 110 h, and at 115 h it increases again. The formation rates of all other precursors increase with the cultivation time. This clearly indicates, that the low ACVS activity and its dramatic reduction after 90 h caused the bottleneck in the biosynthesis. By maintaining a high CPC formation rate after 80 h due to keeping the ACVS activity at high level after 90 h, the CPC concentration and productivity could be increased considerably. 

With the advent of faster 2D-Detectors, and the enormous amount of data produced in certain experiments, it becomes necessary to have a system which is more powerful. One such system is in development at EMBL-Hamburg with the probably most challenging X-ray experiment in mind X-ray crystallography. A high resolution 2D-Detector would produce such an amount of raw data within a short time period, that the available disk space would become a bottleneck. Therefore, a new system is now being developed around a bench of local processors, which can be programmed to do an on-line data reduction, before they are sent to the host computer. Details about the new system can be found in Ref... 

Dramatic life history alterations that result from toxicant exposure could lead to population extinction through a variety of mechanisms. For example, if one life stage of an organism is more sensitive to toxicant exposure than others, reduced survival and fecundity may bring about population bottlenecks, severe reductions in population size, or alterations in age class structure. Bottlenecks may be accompanied by a decrease in genetic diversity, inbreeding depression, further diminution of fitness, and eventually population extinction. Alternative hypotheses such as decreases in population density also may explain how toxicant exposure could lead to severe population declines or extinction. 

When screening for drug permeability in early discovery, processing the large amount of samples requires sensitive, simple and rapid analytical methods. In order to reduce the analytical workload so that no bottleneck is created, different options have been proposed, including the use of radiolabelled compounds (if they are available) or the implementation of generic LC-MS methods. The use of different additives to the media to overcome previously mentioned limitations, should not compromise the analytical method and should not require additional manipulations for sample preparation. Therefore, efforts have been made to propose and use additives that are compatible with the analytical method (discussed in section Proteins or Micellar Excipients for Sink Conditions ). The use of analysis-friendly additives can result in a significant reduction of cycle time,... 

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