Energy fluorescence

Addition of fluorescent energy acceptors such as 9,10-dibromoanthracene substantially increases chemiluminescence intensity by transferring excitation energy (132,133), as is the case with dioxetanes. 

Molecular fluorescence is a more complicated phenomenon than atomic fluorescence (e.g., x-ray fluorescence). In molecular fluorescence, energy changes in the vibrational and rotational motions are involved, in addition to the electronic transitions. 

Hydrophilic liquids can also cause stabilization and amplification of fluorescence Thus, Dunphy et al employed water or ethanol vapor to intensify the emissions of their chromatograms after treatment with 2, 7 dichlorofluorescein [260] Some groups of workers have pointed out that the layer matenal itself can affect the yield of fluorescent energy [261 —263] Thus, polyamide and cellulose layers were employed m addition to silica gel ones [245] The fluorescence yield was generally increased by a factor of 5 to 10 [264], but the increase can reach 100-fold [234, 265]... 

In order to discuss the geometrical structures of electronically excited states, the same procedure as described above is used, except for the use of a different value 3.3 for exponent a in the exponential form of the resonance integral This value of a was determined so that the predicted fluorescence energy from the lowest singlet excited state CB2J in benzene may fit the experimental value. 

Brockhinke, A. and Linne, M.A., Short-pulse techniques Picosecond fluorescence, energy transfer and "quench-free" measurements, in Applied Combustion Diagnostics, Kohse-Hoinghaus, K. and Jeffries, J.B. (Eds.), Taylor Francis, New York, 2002, Chapter 5. 

Intramolecular distances determined by fluorescence energy transfer... 

Dorn, 1. T., Neumaier, K. R. and Tampe, R. (1998) Molecular recognition of histidine-tagged molecules by metal-chelating lipids monitored by fluorescence energy transfer and correlation spectroscopy. ]. Am. Chem. Soc 120, 2753. 

Amler, E., A. Abbott and W. J. Ball, Structural dynamics and oligometric interactions of Na+,K+-ATPase as monitored using fluorescence energy transfer, Biophys. J., 61, 553 (1992). 

Other supramolecular structures such as dendrimers have also been synthesized with zinc-containing porphyrins. Sixteen free base and sixteen zinc porphyrin units were added at the fifth generation of dendritic poly(L-lysine) and intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer was observed.823 Assembly of supramolecular arrays in the solid state has been achieved with the incorporation of an amide group for hydrogen bonding. Zinc meso-tetra(4-amidophenyl)porphyrin... 

Gershkovich AA, Kholodovych W (1996) Fluorogenic substrates for proteases based on intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFETS). J Biochem Biophys Methods 33 135-162... 

Sq635-b and Sq660 were also utilized as donor-acceptor pairs in combination with an HSA/anti-HSA system, in a fluorescence energy transfer (FRET)-based immunoassay [95, 96]. 

Oswald B, Lehmann F, Simon L, Terpetschnig E, Wolfbeis OS (2000) Red laser-induced fluorescence energy transfer in an immunosystem. Anal Biochem 280 272-277... 

Fluorescence energy transfer experiments, in which the energy transfer from the excited DNA bases to a fluorescent ligand is monitored by fluorescence excitation spectroscopy, has been used to analyze the binding of the bisquinolizinium species 35 to DNA <2004ARK219>. 

Stryer, L. (1978). Fluorescence energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 47, 819—46. 

Oswald, B., Lehmann, F., Simon, L., Terpetschnig, E. and Wolfbeis, O. S. (2000). Red laser-induced fluorescence energy transfer in an immunosys-tem. Anal. Biochem. 280, 272-7. 

Young, R., Arnette, J., Roess, D. and Barisas, B. (1994). Quantitation of fluorescence energy transfer between cell surface proteins via fluorescence donor photobleaching kinetics. Biophys. J. 67, 881-8. 

Li, Y. L. and Glazer, A. N. (1999). Design, synthesis, and spectroscopic properties of peptide-bridged fluorescence energy-transfer cassettes. Bioconjug. Chem. 10, 241-245. 

Matsuoka, K., Nishimura, S. I. and Lee, Y. C. (1995). A bi-fluorescence-labeled substrate for ceramide glycanase based on fluorescence energy-transfer. Carbohydr. Res. 276, 31-42. 

Verbist, J., Gadella, T. W. J., Raeymaekers, L., Wuytack, F., Wirtz, K. W. A. and Casteels, R. (1991). Phosphoinositide-protein Interactions of the plasma-membrane Ca2+-transport ATPase as revealed by fluorescence energy-transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1063, 1-6. 

Zhang Z., Seitz W.R., O Connell K., Amylase substrate based on fluorescence energy... 

Isaacs, B.S., Husten, E.J., Esmon, C.T., and Johnson, A.E. (1986) A domain of membrane-bound blood coagulation factor Va is located far from the phospholipid surface. A fluorescence energy transfer measurement. Biochemistry 25, 4958-4969. 

Khanna, P.L., and Ullman, E.F. (1980) 4, 5 -dimethoxy-6-carboxyfluorescein A novel dipole-dipole coupled fluorescence energy transfer acceptor useful for fluorescence immunoassays. Anal. Biochem. 108,156. 

Woo F1Y, Vak D, Korystov D, Mikhailovsky A, Bazan GC, Kim DY (2007) Cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes with molecular spacers for efficient fluorescence energy transfer to dye-labeled DNA. Adv Funct Mater 17 290-295... 

Thomas D. D., Carlsen W. F. and Stryer L. (1978) Fluorescence Energy Transfer in the Rapid-Diffusion Limit, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 75, 5746-5750. 

An immunosensor based on a competitive fluorescence energy-transfer immunoassay was reported by Anderson 105) for the measurement of phenytoin. Texas red-labeled antibody was incubated with a phenytoin derivative. On displacement of the derivative by the antigen, the change in the fluorescence signal was recorded. Detection limits approached 5 /iM with response times ranging from 5 to 30 min. 

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