Insulin blood glucose

This phosphatase converts phosphorylase a to phosphorylase b, sharply reducing the activity of phosphorylase and slowing glycogen breakdown in response to high blood glucose. Insulin also acts indirectly to stimulate PP1 and slow glycogen breakdown. 

Diabetes was also more common in 63 patients taking clozapine than in 67 receiving typical depot neuroleptic drugs (299). The percentages of type 2 diabetes mellitus were 12% and 6% respectively. Nevertheless, the mechanism is not known. In six patients with schizophrenia, clozapine increased mean concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, and C peptide (300). The authors concluded that the glucose intolerance was due to increased insulin resistance. 

Kemnitz, M. W., Elson, D. F., Roecker, E. B., Baum, S. T., Bergman, R. N., and Meglasson, M. D. (1994). Pioglitazone Increases Insulin Sensitivity, Reduces Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Lipid Levels, and Lowers Blood Pressure in Obese, Insulin-Resistant Rhesus Monkeys. Diabetes AS, 204-211. 

Rumessen, J.J., Bode, S., Hamberg, O., and Gudmand-Hpyer, E., Fructans of Jerusalem artichokes intestinal transport, absorption, fermentation, and influence on blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses in healthy subjects, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, 675-681, 1990. 

In the ob/ob mouse, the KK mouse and the Zucker rat, CS-045 reduces the levels of blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, lactate, and free fatty acids, while in the normal rat and the streptozotocin-diabetic rat, no effect on blood glucose is observed. The effect on blood glucose in KK mice can be observed after a single 50 mg/kg dose within 2.5 hours and lasts as long as... 

CHO intake —> Elevated Blood Glucose —> Insulin High, Glucagon Low... 

Starvation —> Low Blood Glucose —> Insulin Low, Glucagon High —> (+) Lipolysis (free fatty acids for liver). 

Figure 5-35. Changes in blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels in response to a glucose or a protein meal.

Complications and Fasting blood glucose Insulin and oral... 

Steffens AB, Mogenson GJ, Stevenson JA. 1972. Blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids after stimulation and lesions of the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol 222 1446-1452. 

Fig. 31.12. Blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels after a high-carbohydrate and a high-protein meal.

Fig. 31.13. Blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels over a 24-hour period in a normal person eating mixed meals. Reprinted with permission from Tasaka Y, Sekine M, Wakatsuki M, et al. Horm Metab Res 1975 7 206. Copyright Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.

Hlebowicz, J., A. Hlebowicz, S. Lindstedt, et al. 2009. Effects of 1 and 3 g cinnamon on gastric emptying, satiety, and postprandial blood glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89(3) 815-821. 

Hockaday, T.D.R. 2002. Two herbal preparations, Cordyceps Cs4 and Cogent db Do they act on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity and diabetes as "viscous dietary fibers " /. Altem. Complement. Med. 8(4) 403-405. 

In diabetic rats orally administered 5 g/kg of the compound neferine daily for 3 weeks, a decrease in fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and TNF-alpha and an enhancement of insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant rats were observed (Pan et al. 2009). 

Absorbed chromium is principally excreted in the urine with a small amount being eliminated in hair, sweat, and bile. Urine levels appear to be a useful indicator of chromium intake when dietary intake is >40 p.g/day however, excretion becomes constant when the intake is <40 jt,g/day. Urine chromium levels have been reported to be increased in diabetes, glucose loading, strenuous running, and physical trauma. Anderson has stated that urine chromium does not appear to be related to blood glucose, insulin, lipid, or any other studied clinical variables [11]. 

CLA Tonalin brand Olive oil Subjects on a low calorie diet for 8 wks before supplementation. Those losing at [east 8% body wt went onto the study for 1y on hypocaloric diet. 101 overweight/obese (BMI28-35) male and female, 18-65 y No effect on blood glucose, insulin, or HOMA. Larsen et a/. 2006... 

CLA in naturally enriched milk, butter, and cheese providing 0.15 g/d CLA Control products 6 wks crossover study 32 healthy middle-aged men No effect on blood glucose, insulin, HOMA, or QUICKI. Tricon ef al. 2006... 

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