Chromium in urine

There appears to be a chromium pool in individuals who are not chromium deficient (136). When there is an increase in level of cHculating insulin in response to a glucose load, an increase in circulating chromium occurs over a period of 0.5—2 h. This is foUowed by a decline and excretion of chromium in urine increases. Chromium deficiency is indicated when no increase or a small increase in blood chromium level or urine chromium occurs. 

Total chromium in urine End of shift at end of workweek 30 pg/g creatinine B... 

Ross, R. T., Gonzalez, J. G., and Segar, D. A. "The Direct Determination of Chromium In Urine by Selective Volatilization with Atom Reservoir Atomic Absorption". Anal. Chlm. Acta (1973), 63, 205-209. 

Harnley JM, Patterson KY, Veillon C, et al. 1983. Comparison of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry for determination of chromium in urine. Anal Chem 55 1417-1419. 

Lindberg E, Vesterberg O. 1983a. Monitoring exposure to chromic acid in chromeplating by measuring chromium in urine. Scand J Work Environ Health 9 333-340. 

Minoia C, Cavalleri A. 1988. Chromium in urine, serum and red blood cells in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to different chromium valency states. Sci Total Environ 71 323-327. 

Chromium (Vi), water soluble fume Total chromium in urine... 

The concenhation of chromium in urine samples from unexposed subjects is usually in die range 0.002 to... 

The detection of increased amounts of chromium in urine is a confirmation of recent occupational or environmental exposure to excess chromium. It also may be usefiil to monitor urine chromium in trials that use pharmacological dosages of chromium, both to confirm compliance and to detect potential toxicity. This is possible using available graphite furnace AAS instrumentation. ... 

Halls DJ, Fell GS. Faster determination of chromium in urine by atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 1988 3 105-9. 

Guthrie BE, Wole WR and Veillon C (1978) Background correction and related problems in the determination of chromium in urine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 50 1900-1902. 

Much less data are available on the adsorption of elements onto surfaces from blood or urine samples. Stoeppler (1980) did not detect any loss of added Ni from urine samples onto polyethene container walls. Concentrations of nickel or chromium in urine samples, spiked with small concentrations of the metals and stored for 6 months at 4°C did not show a decrease (Kiilunen et al.. 1987). The lUPAC reference method for nickel in urine calls for acidification of urine quality control samples with nitric acid and storage in polypropene tubes with a screw-cap at -20°C (Brown et al., 1981). No adsorption of cadmium onto container walls (type not specified) was seen from urine acidified to pH < 2 (Stoeppler and Brandt, 1980). 

Veillon, C.. Patterson, K.Y. and Bryden, N.A. (1982). Chromium in urine as measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (Proposed selected method). Clin. Chem., 28, 2309. 

Aggarwal, S.K., Kinter, M.. Wills, M.R., Savory, J. and Herold, D.A. (1990) Determination of chromium in urine by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using lithium bis (trifluoroethyl) dithiocarbamate as a chelating agent. Anal. Chem. 62, 111. 

Selenium is not the only element which requires the most sophisticated equipment and an experienced operator for its accurate determination. Veillon [29], for example, showed that all values for chromium in urine published before 1978 are in doubt because of serious background correction problems. The same problem was addressed by Cornells and Wallaeys [30], who showed that many studies on chromium rely on data without providing criteria satisfactory to ensure their accuracy. Contamination of samples during their preparation appears to be a major problem besides the use of improper instrumentation and methodology. 

Using quadrupole ICP-MS, it has not been fully possible to use mathematical corrections to correct for the interferences of Se, V and Cr in urine. With the advances in CCT it is now possible to determine elements such as selenium, vanadium and chromium in urine by introducing gases in a collision cell to remove the interference. The introduction of CCT effectively means that AAS will no longer be required in the clinical laboratory for such analysis. 

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