Blast effects, of explosions

The incorporation of aluminum increases the blast effect of explosives but decreases the rates of detonation, fragmentation effectiveness, and shaped charge performance. Mixes with aluminum are made by first screening finely divided aluminum, adding it to a melted RDX—TNT slurry, and stirring until the mix is uniform. A desensitizer and calcium chloride may be incorporated, and the mixture cooled to ca 85°C then poured. Typical TNT-based aluminized explosives are the tritonals (TNT + Al), ammonals (TNT, AN, Al), minols (TNT, AN, Al) torpexes and HBXs (TNT, RDX, Al) (Table 14) (223-226). 

Another reason for strengthening masonry walls is non-structural. A wide spread use of natural gas in buildings and numerous terrorist activities that have surfaced in recent years have created a due concern that non-structural masonry walls in structures must be strengthened against blast effects of explosions to prevent injuries by wall debris. Conventional techniques of retrofit often add significant mass to the structure and... 

Windows were damaged for several miles. Reconstruct the explosive power and blast effects of the vapor cloud explosion on the basis of the available data. 

This appendix is a summary of the woiit published in the so-called Green Book (1989). Possible effects of explosions on humans include blast-wave overpressure effects, explosion-wind effects, impact from fragments and debris, collapse of buildings, and heat-radiation effects. Heat-radiation effects ate not treated here see Chapter 6, Figure 6.10 and Table 6.6. 

Refs 1) Anon, Nitrasol - A New Family of Solid Propellants , NOTS 2059 (15 July 1958) 2) E.M. Fisher J.F. Pittman, Air Blast Effectiveness of Nitrasol as a High Explosive , NAVDRD 6891 (23 July 1960) 3) R.W. 

Pressure Effect of Explosives. See under Blast Effects in Air, Earth and Water in Vol 2, B180-L to B184-R... 

In a few, special situations, a building may need to be evaluated for the combined effects of explosion and toxic release. For example, in the event of an explosion, a building may retain sufficient structural integrity to protect the building occupants from the blast, yet suffer damage to the point that it can no longer offer sufficient protection from a toxic release occurring in conjunction with the explosion. 

Tertiary effects of explosions are those injuries or fatalities caused as people are knocked down or thrown by the blast into stationary objects. Reference 101 provides additional guidance on explosion effects on people. 

The process of detonation in an explosive, the blasting effects of such an explosive in coal or rock, and the destructive effects of military high explosives all depend on the operation of shock waves. It is, therefore, intended to give here an elementary account of shock waves in inert media and in explosives before discussing individual high explosives. 

The ballistic mortar and lead block tests use only small amounts of explosive and are not applicable to slurry explosives which are too insensitive to detonate properly under such conditions. For these explosives it is useful to fire larger amounts of several kg under water and measure the period of oscillation of the gas bubble produced. The longer the period the greater the energy of the gas bubble and this part of the total energy of the explosive has been found to correlate well with the blasting effect of the explosive. 

Unlike conventional explosives, which have instantaneous effects, chemical clouds take time to reach their target. This allows additional time to move out of the way or into a protective enclosure. In the case of civilians, anyone inside a soundly constructed house or car would almost certainly have full protection, even at distances as short as 50 meters, provided the doors and windows are closed. Putting duct tape and plastic over windows (or, as reported recently in one case, over the entire house) makes no sense. The blast effect of a warhead exploding closer than 50 meters would probably be more lethal than its contents of nerve gas. Furthermore, quick decontamination can prevent effects through the skin. Even ordinary clothing provides considerable protection. 

Blast Effectiveness of Various Explosives. See Vol 2, p B182, Table giving Peak Pressure and Effectiveness Against Load-Bearing Wall... 

Blast Effectiveness of Various Explosives is given in Table on p B182 of Vol 2 Blast Effects Due to Reflected Shock Waves is given in Vol 2, p B182-L... 

Air-Blost Effect Air Blast Energy Air Blast Impulse and Air Blast Pressure. See under Blast Effects of Air, Earth and Water Air-Blast Meter. See under Blast Effects, etc Air-Blast Pressure from Small Charges of Various Explosives are discussed in OSRD Rept 3479(1944)... 

Table 3.5 summarizes the effects of explosion overpressure on structures. With respect to human casualties, heavy building damage usually is equated to a fatal effect, as the people inside the buildings probably would be crushed. People outside of buildings or structures are susceptible to direct blast injury (blast overpressure) and indirect blast injury (missiles or whole body translation). 

Separation of a part of a borehole charge by the blast effect of another shot in electrical delay firing circuits. Cut off can also occur to the whole burden of the borehole charge by previous shots Permitted Explosives. 

Prugh, R.W. The Effects of Explosive Blast on Structures and Personnel (paper 4c). In the Proceedings of the 32nd Loss Prevention Symposium, March 10, 1998. 

There are primary and secondary effects of explosions. The primary effects are blast pressure, thermal wave, and fragmentation. The blast pressure has two phases, the positive and negative. In the positive phase, the high-pressure gas, heat wave, and any projectiles travel outward. During the negative phase, a partial vacuum is produced, sucking materials back toward the area of origin. 

Study of the explosion blasting helps to evaluate the explosion characteristics and proper application of explosives, make the effectiveness of explosives complete, and supply necessary theoretical basis for packing design [18-20]. 

The ability of direct effect or brisant effect from explosive explosion is the brisance of explosives, which is another parameter to measure the blast action of explosives. 

The probit function approach can be used for fast damage assessment of blast effects of high explosive events. In the literature is the only parameterization of blast effects that can be interpreted as a probability distribution function in terms of physical parameters. In this sense we found only one probability distribution that is used in literature for the description of blast effects. 

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