Tertiary Effects

Air particles in a blast wave have a certain velocity which, in general, flow in the same direction as the propagation of the blast wave. This explosion wind can sweep 

Fletcher, and D. R. Richmond. 1968. Estimate of man s tolerance to the direct effects of air blast. Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Albuquerque, NM. 

Green Book 1989. Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objects resulting from releases of hazardous materials. Published by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment. Voorburg, The Netherlands. Code CPR.6E 

The biodynamics of air blast. Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Albuquerque, NM. 

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Explosion effects are commonly separated into a number of classes. The main division is between direct and indirect effects. Sometimes, direct effects ate referred to as primary effects, and indirect effects ate then subdivided into secondary and tertiary effects. 

The explosion wind following a blast can carry persons away, causing injury as a result of their falling, tumbling over, or colliding with obstacles. This effect is referred to as a tertiary effect. 

The electroviscous effect present with solid particles suspended in ionic liquids, to increase the viscosity over that of the bulk liquid. The primary effect caused by the shear field distorting the electrical double layer surrounding the solid particles in suspension. The secondary effect results from the overlap of the electrical double layers of neighboring particles. The tertiary effect arises from changes in size and shape of the particles caused by the shear field. The primary electroviscous effect has been the subject of much study and has been shown to depend on (a) the size of the Debye length of the electrical double layer compared to the size of the suspended particle (b) the potential at the slipping plane between the particle and the bulk fluid (c) the Peclet number, i.e., diffusive to hydrodynamic forces (d) the Hartmarm number, i.e. electrical to hydrodynamic forces and (e) variations in the Stern layer around the particle (Garcia-Salinas et al. 2000). 

For poly electrolyte solutions with added salt, prior experimental studies found that the intrinsic viscosity decreases with increasing salt concentration. This can be explained by the tertiary electroviscous effect. As more salts are added, the intrachain electrostatic repulsion is weakened by the stronger screening effect of small ions. As a result, the polyelectrolytes are more compact and flexible, leading to a smaller resistance to fluid flow and thus a lower viscosity. For a wormlike-chain model by incorporating the tertiary effect on the chain... 

Note that when the concentration of added salt is very low, Debye length needs to be modified by including the charge contribution of the dissociating counterions from the polyelectrolytes. Because the equilibrium interaction is used, their theory predicts that the intrinsic viscosity is independent of ion species at constant ionic strength. At very high ionic strength, the intrachain electrostatic interaction is nearly screened out, and the chains behave as neutral polymers. Aside from the tertiary effect, the intrinsic viscosity will indeed be affected by the ionic cloud distortion and thus cannot be accurately predicted by their theory. 

Tertiary effects of explosions are those injuries or fatalities caused as people are knocked down or thrown by the blast into stationary objects. Reference 101 provides additional guidance on explosion effects on people. 

Primary Effects Secondary Effects Tertiary Effects... 

Figure 4.5 shows a screenshot of TRAMP. The three columns of buttons on the right were generated from the domain models. They represent three different dimensions of characterizations. The left column contains a list of relevant goals (tertiary effects) to be achieved, whereas the other columns refer to the domain categories of materials and extruder types. 

An Ab Initio. proach to Secondary and Tertiary Effects in Proteins... 

Note Amputation due to blast results from combined primary and tertiary effects. The blast wove causes fracturing of the bone and the distal segment is then tarn... 

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