Biomass oil

Of the many factors which influence product yields in a fluid catalytic cracker, the feed stock quality and the catalyst composition are of particular interest as they can be controlled only to a limited extent by the refiner. In the past decade there has been a trend towards using heavier feedstocks in the FCC-unit. This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. It is therefore important to study how molecular types, characteristic not only of heavy petroleum oil but also of e.g. coal liquid, shale oil and biomass oil, respond to cracking over catalysts of different compositions. 

Catalytic cracking of biomass oil over EKZ catalysts. The BMO showed higher stability than the HVGO towards thermal cracking at 560°C while the opposite was found at 500°C. ... 

Discussion. Characterization of biomass oil with bonded phase chromatography could only be done after deoxygenation. This resulted in an FCC-feed stock with a high content of aromatics. Similar results have been obtained by Elliot and Baker (20). 

Sludge is another common term used to describe the soft deposits or water-based suspensions containing variable mixtures of mud, clays, sand, silt, colloids, biomass, oil and grease, and precipitated salts in an amorphous form. 

The Fisher-Tropsch plants build in Germany before World War II and during World War II produced about 16,000 barrels (1 barrel = 0.159 m3) per day of liquid fuels from coal, employing a Co catalyst in fixed-bed reactors [5], However, during the 1950s, the Fisher-Tropsch process turned out to be uneconomical as a consequence of the abundant supply of crude oil. Nevertheless, currently considerable attention is being paid to develop alternatives of the Fisher-Tropsch process to generate liquid fuels from natural gas, biomass, oil sands, oil shales, and coal [134],... 

D. W. Soveran, M. Sulatisky, K. Ha, W. Robinson, and M. Stumborg The effect on diesel engine emissions with high cetane additives from biomass oils, in Proc. American Chemical Society (Division of fuel chemistry) Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 5-10, 1992. 

An economically attractive approach to commercial production of diesel fuel substitutes from natural biomass liquids in North America appears to be the direct conversion of waste biomass oils to super cetane by catalytic hydrotreatment. This technology is expected to be commercialized first in Canada where it was developed. The availability of large amounts of feedstock... 

Hot-gas filtration can reduce the ash content of the oil to less than 0.01% and the alkali content to less than 10 ppm - much lower than reported for biomass oils produced in systems using only cyclones. Diesel engine tests performed on crude and on hot-filtered oil showed a substantial increase in burning rate and a lower ignition delay for the latter, due to the lower average molecular weight for the filtered oil (36). Hot gas filtration has not yet been demonstrated over a long-term process operation. Pyrolysis oils are not miscible with hydrocarbon fuels but with the aid of surfactants they can be emulsified with diesel oil. 

Polar solvents have been used for many years to homogenize and to reduce viscosity of biomass oils. The addition of solvents, especially methanol, also showed a significant effect on the oil stability. It was observed (39) that the rate of viscosity increase ( aging ) for the oil with 10 wt. % of methanol was almost 20 times less than for the oil without additives. 

Coal Pet coke Biomass Oil shale Heavy oil Natural gas Wastes Combination of feeds shown above... 

Most of the literature in the past, including that by the author (13). reflected composition of tars produced as a byproduct of charcoal manufacture. These tars, from different biomass materials, exhibit like chemical compositions. The chars produced under similar carbonization conditions also exhibit similar physical and chemical properties (24). During the last decade or so, pyrolysis process research has confirmed that both the yield and chemical composition of pyrolysis oils are very dependent on reaction conditions (see e.g., 14-16.25.26). All biomass oils are not the same oil formation conditions determine oil composition. Similarly, it has been reported that different biomass feedstocks pyrolyzed under similar process conditions can give oil products with similarities in chemical composition (e.g., 27-30). 

Utilization of Oil Products from Moist Biomass. The oil products from these high-moisture biomasses have properties similar to the more widely studied wood-derived oils. The numerous applications of wood-derived oil have been discussed by others (10,22). The moist-biomass oils should be amenable to the same types of applications. 

The strains of algae used are crucial in the production of biofuels. Major criteria must include productivity of biomass, oil content, harvestability, robust character and resistance to contamination, and tolerance to high levels of oxygen produced in photosynthesis. To be utilized to produce fuels, microalgae must be flocculated and concentrated by at least 30-fold therefore, harvestability is a daunting challenge. 

Synthesis gas can be derived from many different sources such as crude oil, coal, biomass, oil shale, tar sand. With the recent global decline in crude oil prices, the attractiveness of syngas as an alternate feedstock has ebbed bringing many efforts and considerations in this field back to the research stage. But there is general consent that coal gasification will... 

Sekkuden, M., Yamamura, T., Okazawa, T., Sano, T., Tanaka, K., Goda, K., Ogawa, K., and Okabe, T. (2012) Eco-friendly utilization of uniform cloths waste - composites with PVA and antifungal biomass oil. Proceedings of... 

The direct production of platform chemicals from fats and oil can be quicker, more convenient, and logical from an economic point of view. However, the starting material or the biomass component to be used must be clearly known so as to reduce the use of raw materials, reagents, processing steps, and overall the investment cost. For example, fatty acids with O-containing compounds can be directly used as a source of carboxylic acids. Thus the type of biomass/oils and fats used for the production of specific platform chemicals plays a role in the success of platform chemical production. 

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