Diesel engine emissions

Nitroaromatic compounds have been identified in diesel engine emissions (Salmeen et al. 1984), and attention has been directed particularly to 1,8- and 1,6-dinitropyrene that are mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic (Nakagawa et al. 1983). 

For similar motivations, there are limited incentives to develop an alternative SCR process for stationary sources based on methane (CH4-SCR) or other HCs, or based on NTP technologies, if not for specific, better applications. The situation is instead quite different for mobile sources, and in particular for diesel engine emissions. The catalytic removal of NO under lean conditions, e.g. when 02 during the combustion is in excess with respect to the stoichiometric one (diesel and lean-burn engines, natural gas or LPG-powered engines), is still a relevant target in catalysis research and an open problem to meet future exhaust emission regulations. 

Analysis and modelling of the dynamic behaviour of the catalyst is useful to closely describe the performance during start up, shut down and load variation of stationary applications, and of critical relevance for SCR-NH3 of mobile diesel engine emissions. Use of dynamic models for exhaust transients has not been extensively reported in the literature for the design of improved catalysts, although it is a very valuable method. On the contrary, as will be discussed later, use of this tool to derive mechanistic implications is much less convincing. 

The necessity of having a post catalyst layer which can eliminate slipping ammonia (in addition, since CO and HC also must be eliminated, current catalytic SCR-urea systems applied to diesel engine emissions are composed typically of five catalytic layers, making the size of the catalytic converter quite large and therefore applicable essentially only to heavy-duty trucks and buses). 

Harrod, K.S., et al., Inhaled diesel engine emissions reduce bacterial clearance and exacerbate lung disease to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in vivo, Toxicol. Sci. 83,1,155,2005. 

May, M. 2003. Development and demonstration of Fiseher-Tropseh fueled heavy-duty vehieles with eontrol teehnologies for redueed diesel exhaust emissions. 9th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduetion Conferenee. Newport, Rhode Island, 24-28 Aug 2003. 

L. Bromberg, D.R. Cohn, A. Rabinovich and J. He5rwood, Diesel Engine Emission Reduction Workshop, San Diego, CA, Aug, 2000. 

Wotzak, G. Gibbs, R. and Hyde, J., "Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Health Effects of Diesel Engine Emissions," Cincinnati, December 1979, in press. 

Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Femandez J (2008) Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 198-223... 

Measures against diesel engine emissions limiting black smoke emissions from heavy duty vehicles Regulation of motor fuels. Limits amount of sulphur in fuel oil... 

Fromme, H., Oddoy, A., Piloty, M., Krause, M. and Lahrz, T. (1998a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and diesel engine emission (elemental carbon) inside car and a subway train. The Science of the Total Environment, 217,165-73. 

Jones K. 1995. Diesel engine emissions and the link to human dioxin exposure. Dioxin 95 Secretariat, Edmonton AB Canada Organohalogen Compounds 24 69-74. 

By using improved fuel injection and engine control techniques, the concentration of soot particles in the exhaust gas was reduced (less gray filter paper), but the number of soot particles was increased and their average size was reduced, which made the diesel engine emissions even more harmful. So, everyone was back to square one - and the unfavored end-of-pipe technology for the reduction of diesel soot emissions came back to life again ... 

D. Page and B. Edgar, Proceedings of the 1998 Diesel Engine Emissions reduction Workshop, Maine maritime Academy, Castine Maine, July 6-9, 1998, pp 229-235... 

Lewis TR, Green FHY, Moorman WJ, et al. 1986. A chronic inhalation toxicity study of diesel engine emissions. Dev Toxicol Environ Sci 13 361-380. 

Although engine adjustments and improved fuel quality have significantly contributed to the reduction of diesel engine emissions, the obtained reduciions will probably not be sufficient. Further it is speculated that in certain countries, for... 

D. W. Soveran, M. Sulatisky, K. Ha, W. Robinson, and M. Stumborg The effect on diesel engine emissions with high cetane additives from biomass oils, in Proc. American Chemical Society (Division of fuel chemistry) Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 5-10, 1992. 

Synonyms Diesel engine emissions Diesel exhaust particulate Diesel particulate... 

While many carcinogenicity studies on individual chemicals have been conducted, the study of complex mixtures presents a formidable scientific challenge for the toxicologist. One of the most difficult tasks is related to finding the primary causative agents of the effects. Examples of complex mixtures that have been studied for carcinogenicity include tobacco smoke and diesel engine emissions. 

Maly, R.R., Effects of GTL diesel fuels on emissions and engine performances . Paper presented at the 2004 diesel engine emission reduction conference, 29 August - 2 September, 2004, Coronado, California May, M., Development and demonstration of Fischer-Tropsch fueled heavy-duty vehicles with control technologies for reduced diesel exhaust emission . Paper presented at the 2003 diesel engine emission reduction conference, 24-28 August, 2003, Newport, Rhode Island... 

Misfeld J. 1980. The tumor-producing effects of automobile exhaust condensate and of diesel exhaust condensate Health effects of diesel engine emissions. Proceedings of an International Symposium. Cincinnati, OH US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/9-80-057b., 1012-1025. 

European emission requirements Since the introduction of the Euro 1 standard in 1992 to today s Euro 4 standard, European emissions legislation has reduced light-vehicle diesel pollution from the combined emissions of CO, NOx, hydrocarbons and particulate matter by 82%, Fig. 9.1. Within the same timeframe, CO2 emissions have been reduced by 25%. Further cuts are targeted with draft specifications for Euro 5 and Euro 6. For passenger car diesel engine emissions ... 

At the beginning, European regulations concerning diesel engine emissions were only effective for three classic pollutants for light duty vehicles (Directive 70/220/EEC modified by Directive 83/351/EEC) and on black smoke emissions (Directive 72/306/EEC). 

In tlie last few decades a lot of attention has been paid to diesel engine emission reduction. Particulaiy soot and NOx emissions have been the subject of extensive research trying to obtain reductions by engine and fliel modifications and various aftertreatment devices. This paper is aimed at the development of an aftertreatment device for NOx control selective catalytic reduction of NOx using an injection of an aqueous urea solution. This teclmique stems originally from the field of power plant NOx control and as such is proven to be quite effective [1]. Because of safety reasons and ease of use, inea is preferred over NH3 [2-4]. The... 

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