Biomass derived compounds

Schutta, B.D., Serrano, B., Cerro, R.L. and Abraham, M.A. 2002. Production of Chemicals from Cellulose and Biomass-Derived Compounds Through Catalytic Sub-Critical Water Oxidation in a Monolith Reactor. Biom. Bioen., 22, 365-375. 

Biochemical conversion processes Enz)unes and micro-organisms are frequently used as biocatalysts to convert biomass or biomass-derived compounds into desirable products. Cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes break down the carbohydrate fractions of biomass into five-and six-carbon sugars, a process known as hydrolysis. Yeast and bacteria ferment the sugars into products such as ethanol. Biotechnology advances are expected to lead to dramatic biochemical conversion improvements. 

Carlson TR, Vispute TP, Huber GW (2008) Green gasoline by catalytic fast pyrolysis of solid biomass derived compounds. ChemSusChtan l(5) 397-400... 

Saladino R, Pagliaccia T, Argyropoulos DS, Crestini C (2007) Production of chemicals from cellulose and biomass-derived compounds advances in the oxidative functionalization of... 

Table 12.5 Biomass-Derived Compounds Identified to Replace Petroleum-Derived Chemicals [7] Original Chemical Route/... 

In addition to the metal catalysts previously mentioned for the formation of H from aqueous-phase biomass-derived compounds, tin-promoted Raney-nickel catalysts also selectively generate H and alkanes similarly to Pt(3 wt catalysts... 

Cobnenares JC, Luque R (2014) Heterogeneous photocatalytic nanomaterials prospects and challenges in selective transformations of biomass-derived compounds. Chem Soc Rev... 

Chen et al. found that upgrading hydrogen-deficient compounds, such as acetic acid and methyl acetate, was difficult due to rapid catalyst aging [233]. They introduced an indicator for the degree of hydrogen deficiency of biomass-derived compounds, namely the effective... 

Barrett, C.J., Chheda, J.N., Huber, G.W., Dumesic, J.A., 2006. Single-reactor process for sequential aldol-condensation and hydrogenation of biomass-derived compounds in water. Applied Catalysis B Environmental 66, 111—118. 

Among the various derivatives of biomass, furanic compounds obtained from furfural are important (200,0001 year-1). A new family of furanic diethers has been obtained by alkylation of 2,5-furandimethanol or furfuryl alcohol under microwave irradiation with PTC solvent-free conditions [83] (Scheme 8.59). 

Widely differing processes have been reported for hydrogen production based on biomass-derived intermediate compounds. Some of the main ones are reported in this section. 

Since the early 1980s, zeolites have been considered for the upgrading of biomass-derived fluids into aromatic fuels [74, 75], Researchers of the Univerite Laval (Quebec, Canada) performed pioneering work on model compounds (phenols and furans) [76, 77]. A recent study investigating the transformation of alco-... 

Previous studies in conventional reactor setups at Philip Morris USA have demonstrated the significant effectiveness of nanoparticle iron oxide on the oxidation of carbon monoxide when compared to the conventional, micron-sized iron oxide, " as well as its effect on the combustion and pyrolysis of biomass and biomass model compounds.These effects are derived from a higher reactivity of nanoparticles that are attributed to a higher BET surface area as well as the coordination of unsaturated sites on the surfaces. The chemical and electronic properties of nanoparticle iron oxide could also contribute to its higher reactivity. In this work, we present the possibility of using nanoparticle iron oxide as a catalyst for the decomposition of phenolic compounds. 

Other important parameters in the steam reforming process are temperature, which depends on the type of oxygenate, the steam-to-carbon ratio and the catalyst-to-feed ratio. For instance, methanol and acetic acid, which are simple oxygenated organic compounds, can be reformed at temperatures lower than 800 °C. On the other hand, more complex biomass-derived liquids may need higher temperatures and a large amount of steam to gasify efficiently the carbonaceous deposits formed by thermal decomposition. 

Hydroxypropanoic acid (3HPA) is under development as a future platform chemical and monomer derived from biomass. It is, at the present time, not produced on an industrial scale, either chemically or biotechnologically. 3HPA could be a key compound for the production of biomass-derived C3 intermediates, such as acrylic acid, acrylic amide and malonic acid (see Fig. 8.11). Hydrogenation of 3HPA would provide a competing procedure for the production of 1,3PD (see Section 8.2.4) that could be more economical than the DuPont and Shell processes [65]. 

The rehydration product of HMF, levulinic acid, is also regarded as a potential biomass derived organic compound [35, 39,40]. Levulinic acid could be utilized as feedstock for several large volume chemicals (Fig. 7), e.g., methyltetrahydrofuran and levulinate esters (fuel additives), delta-amino-levulinic acid (herbicide), and diphenohc acid (replacer for bisphenol A for polycarbonates). 

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