Oxygenated organic compounds

Monomers for manufacture of butyl mbber are 2-methylpropene [115-11-7] (isobutylene) and 2-methyl-l.3-butadiene [78-79-5] (isoprene) (see Olefins). Polybutenes are copolymers of isobutylene and / -butenes from mixed-C olefin-containing streams. For the production of high mol wt butyl mbber, isobutylene must be of >99.5 wt % purity, and isoprene of >98 wt % purity is used. Water and oxygenated organic compounds iaterfere with the cationic polymerization mechanism, and are minimized by feed purification systems. 

The most successful class of active ingredient for both oxidation and reduction is that of the noble metals silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Platinum and palladium readily oxidize carbon monoxide, all the hydrocarbons except methane, and the partially oxygenated organic compounds such as aldehydes and alcohols. Under reducing conditions, platinum can convert NO to N2 and to NH3. Platinum and palladium are used in small quantities as promoters for less active base metal oxide catalysts. Platinum is also a candidate for simultaneous oxidation and reduction when the oxidant/re-ductant ratio is within 1% of stoichiometry. The other four elements of the platinum family are in short supply. Ruthenium produces the least NH3 concentration in NO reduction in comparison with other catalysts, but it forms volatile toxic oxides. 

Japar SM, TJ Wallington, SJ Rudy, TY Chang (1991) Ozone-forming potential of a series of oxygenated organic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 25 415-420. 

Acetic acid or Acetic anhhydride von Schwartz, 1918, 34 Cooling is necessary to prevent possible explosion from contact of potassium permanganate (or the sodium or calcium salts) with acetic acid or acetic anhydride. See Oxygenated organic compounds, below... 

See Oxygenated organic compounds, below also Dimethylformamide Oxidants... 

James An early process for making mixed oxygenated organic compounds by the catalytic oxidation of petroleum fractions. The products were aldehydes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Developed by J. H. James at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh. 

The health effects of difunctional oxygenated organic compounds should be investigated in both animal and human studies. 

There is no commercially available instrument for the continuous monitoring of any of the chemical species present in the particulate component of photochemical smog. Methods should be developed for the direct and continuous measurement of such species. Species of interest include sulfates, nitrates, some oxygenated organic compounds, and lead. 

Besides ozone, the main indicator of photochemical pollution, other important concomitant products are peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydroxyl radicals and various aldehydes that are both products and primary pollutants, particles, sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, chloride, water, and various types of oxygenated organic compounds. The most important precursors of photochemical pollution are nitric oxide and hydrocarbons. The measurement procedures for the hydrocarbons are not as highly developed as those for ozone and the nitrogen oxides. 

Difunctional oxygenated organic compounds health effects of, 4 volatility of, 86 Diolefins, 57-58,60 aerosols from, 4, 70-72,83, 88.675 in automotive exhahst, 101 DNA (deoxyribonudeic add), effect of ozone exposure on, 351-52, 363 Dose-response relationship, for exposure to ozone... 

Other important parameters in the steam reforming process are temperature, which depends on the type of oxygenate, the steam-to-carbon ratio and the catalyst-to-feed ratio. For instance, methanol and acetic acid, which are simple oxygenated organic compounds, can be reformed at temperatures lower than 800 °C. On the other hand, more complex biomass-derived liquids may need higher temperatures and a large amount of steam to gasify efficiently the carbonaceous deposits formed by thermal decomposition. 

Japar, S. M T. J. Wallington, S. J. Rudy, and T. Y. Chang, Ozone-Forming Potential of a Series of Oxygenated Organic Compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 415-420(1991). 

Metal Hydrides. The simplest reactions in this group are the various catalytic reduction reactions of carbon monoxide. Methane or higher hydrocarbons, methanol or higher alcohols, and a variety of other oxygenated organic compounds may be formed, depending upon the catalyst and reaction conditions (23). There is little evidence about the mechanism of these reactions, but the initial step in every example is probably a carbon monoxide insertion into a metal hydride, followed by reduction reactions. 

Oxygenated organic compounds MRH values below references... 

Fig. 8.4 Response of oxygenate sensors toward C3-oxygenated organic compounds, CO and C3Hg. Oxygenate sensors 1 (a) and 2 (b) (reproduced by permission of Elsevier from [19]).

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