Philip Morris

Zhivov A. M., G. L. Riskowski, T. W. Ruprecht, L. L. Christianson, P. V. Nielsen, E. O. Shilkrot, and A. A. Rymkevich. 1997. Design Guide for Displacement Ventilation. Research Project for Philip Morris Management Corporation. lAT, Savoy, IL. 

A company may get capital by selling a subsidiary or a portion of its business. In 1969 Monsanto decided that it would quit the low-density polyethylene business. It sold its plant at Texas City, Tex., plus its research findings and technology concerning low-density polyethylene to Northern Petrochemical.14 In the same year Atlantic Richfield paid 1800,000 for a 30% interest in a mining lease on about 8,560 acres of oilshale reserves in eastern Utah.15 W. R. Grace Co. sold its 53% interest in the Miller Brewing Company to Philip Morris for 130,000,000 and made an after-tax profit of 54,000,000.16 In 1969 it also sold its steamship business. 

Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, VA Philip Morris USA Research Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 23234, USA Current address Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemical Engineering, Golden, CO 80401... 

Previous studies in conventional reactor setups at Philip Morris USA have demonstrated the significant effectiveness of nanoparticle iron oxide on the oxidation of carbon monoxide when compared to the conventional, micron-sized iron oxide, " as well as its effect on the combustion and pyrolysis of biomass and biomass model compounds.These effects are derived from a higher reactivity of nanoparticles that are attributed to a higher BET surface area as well as the coordination of unsaturated sites on the surfaces. The chemical and electronic properties of nanoparticle iron oxide could also contribute to its higher reactivity. In this work, we present the possibility of using nanoparticle iron oxide as a catalyst for the decomposition of phenolic compounds. 

The authors would like to thank Dr. Firooz Rasouli and Dr. Hoongsun Im for technical discussions and Felecia Logan for experimental work. Special thanks to Dr. Weizhong Zhu for BET surface area measurements. Dr. Weizhong Zhu and Dr. Hoongsun Im were participants in the Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research... 

W. Geoffrey Chan, Philip Morris USA Research Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 23234... 

The nicotine content in tobacco from cigarettes sold worldwide shows a wide variation (lARC 2004). Counts and coauthors reported on the nicotine content in the tobacco tiller of 48 Philip Morris USA and Phihp Morris International commercial filtered cigarettes from numerous international market regions (Counts et al. 2005). The majority contained blends of bright flue-cured (Virginia), hurley air-cured, and sun-cured oriental tobaccos, with inclusions of expanded tobaccos, processed tobacco, or processed stems. Four cigarettes contained primarily bright tobaccos. Nine brands contained carbon (also known as charcoal ) in their filter construction. 

Table 4 Nicotine yields in the mainstream smoke of Philip Morris cigarettes (n = 48) generated under different smoking conditions (Counts et al. 2005)...

The latest analyses of new ST products marketed as PREPs on the US market, namely Philip Morris Taboka and Marlboro Snus, R.J Reynolds Camel Snus, and US Tobacco s Skoal Dry, revealed a very wide range of pH as well as total and free... 

Kluger R (1997). Stroking the sow s ear. In Ashes to ashes America s hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. Vintage Books, New York, pp 349-386... 

The goal of these efforts was to ensure that smokers obtained sufficient nicotine to support dependence. Cigarettes were developed and marketed on the premise that the primary motivation for smoking is to obtain the pharmacological effect of nicotine (Philip Morris 1969) and consequently, with the understanding that they must provide the appropriate levels of nicotine (Brown Williamson 1977). 

Similarly, in a study titled When nicotine is not nicotine, Philip Morris researchers observed that cigarettes that had been oversprayed with nicotine citrate were half as effective in nicotine transport and delivery when compared with those sprayed with nicotine as the base the latter were perceived as having higher mouth/throat impact (Gullotta et al. 1989). 

Manufacturers have acknowledged the use of hundreds of chemical additives in tobacco products (Lefifingwell et al. 1972 Philip Morris 1994). Some of these additives may synergize with nicotine or demonstrate other reinforcing effects. Cocoa, for example, contains alkaloids, which may themselves have pharmacological effects when inhaled, or may modify the effects of nicotine. Pyridine is chemically a portion of the nicotine molecule, acting as a CNS depressant similar to nicotine, although it is less potent. 

When burned, sugars also increase the smoke levels of acetaldehyde, another potential nicotine reinforcing agent. Recent studies demonstrate that acetaldehyde enhances behavioral and neuronal responses to nicotine in both adolescent and adult rats (Belluzzi et al. 2005 Cao et al. 2007). In the early 1980s, DeNoble and coworkers at Philip Morris studied the behavioral effects of nicotine and acetaldehyde in... 

RJR researchers discussed differences among their products and those of competitor Philip Morris. They observed that the Marlboro has less smoke nicotine than Winston, but a higher level of weaker bases, such as pyrazines. These weaker bases... 

Dunn WL, Jones BW, Schori TR (1973) Project 1600 - smoker psychology smoking and low delivery cigarettes - II (Tnt-3). Oct 1973. Philip Morris. Bates 1000048633-1000048654. http // tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1000048633-8654.html Dunn WL, Houck W, Jones BW, Meyer LF (1976) 1600 - Smoker psychology low delivery cigarettes and increased nicotine/tar ratios, III (Pol - 1606). Philip Morris. Bates 2024545758-2024545773. http //tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2024545758-5773.html Esterle JG, Honeycutt RH, Nall JF (1979) Tar/nicotine ratios and nicotine transfer efficiencies of B W and competition brands. 20 Sep 1979. Brown WilUamson. Bates 505003431-505003438. http //tobaccodocuments.org w/94764.html Farnham F (1995) List of additives in the manufacture of tobacco products and their substitutes. Sept 1995. PhiUp Morris. Bates 2050755566-2050755578. http //tobaccodocuments.org/ product design/2050755566-5578.html... 

Griffith RB (1963) [Re Information on nicotine and sugar in tobacco for Neil Gilliam s presentation at Chelwood]. 18 Sep 1963. Brown Williamson. Bates 102630333-102630336 Exhibit 10. http //tobaccodocuments.org/youth/NcPdBWC19630918.Lt.html Gullotta F (1982) Electrophysiological studies - 1982 annual report. 05 Jul 1982. Philip Morris. 

Houck WG, Jones B, Martin P, Meyer LF (1975) 1600 - Smoker psychology low delivery cigarettes and increased nicotine/tar ratios a replication, Oct 1975, Philip Morris, Bates 1003288950-1003288967, http //tobaccodocuments,org/pm/1003288950-8967,html Houck WG, Jones BW, Meyer L (1976) 1600 - Smoker psychology low delivery cigarettes and increased nicotine/tar ratios, III, Bates 1003288934-1003288949, http //tobaccodocuments,org/ pm/1003288934-8949,html... 

Philip Morris (1954) An outline of current and proposed quality control, development and research for Benson and Hedges 540000. 1954. Bates 1001761472-1001761484. http // tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1001761472-1484.html Philip Morris (1964) 650000 Cigarette program objectives and approach. 25 Mar 1964. Bates 1001896774-1001896776. http //tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1001896774-6776.html Philip Morris (1969) Why one smokes. Bates 1003287836-1003287848 Exhibit 3. http // tobaccodocuments.org/youth/NcSrPMl 19690000.An.html Philip Morris (1974) 32. Human smoking habits. Jun 1974. Bates 1001812883-1001812903. 

Philip Morris (1994) Ingredients added to tobacco in the manufacture of cigarettes by the six major American cigarette companies. 12 April 1994. Bates 2023011274-2023011322. http // Iegacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqy74e00... 

Philip Morris (1995) Sensory research activities nicotine sensory research. Bates 2063127630-2063127632. http //tobaccodocuments.org/product.design/2063127630-7632.html Philip Morris et al. (1997) Submission before the Massachusetts Department of Public Health regarding proposed refinements in sampling and testing procedures set forth in 105 CMR 660.500... 

Pickworth WB, Fant RV, Nelson RA, Rohrer MS, Henningfield JE (1999) Pharmacodynamic effects of new de-nicotinized cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 1 357-364 Piehl DH (1978) Nicotine and smoker satisfaction. 04 Jan 1978. R.J. Reynolds. Bates 504423322-504423327. http //tobaccodocuments.org/filters/504423322-3327.html Potter DL (1991) Project Wd. 1991. R.J. Reynolds. Bates 508114925-508114926. http // tobaccodocuments.org/product design/508114925 926.html Read G (1984) Nicotine conference details. 02 May 1984. Brown Williamson. Bates 512106427-512106437. http //tobaccodocuments.org/product esign/36816.html Reininghaus W (1987) [No title]. 02 Sep 1987. Philip Morris. Bates 2023186690. http // tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2023186690.html... 

Mullins B (2004) How Philip Morris, tobacco foes tied the knot. Roll Call, 5 Oct 2004, Available at http //www,rollcaU,com/issues/50.39/news/7035-l,html, Last accessed 30 Oct 2008 Myers ML (2002) Could product regulation result in less hazardous tobacco products Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics III 139-147... 

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