Biofuel supplementation

Chemical conversion of vegetable oils to general purpose liquid fuels ( biofuels, and biodiesel ) has also been successfully explored [34, 35]. However, the small size of this resource makes it unlikely that this could do more than supplement petroleum-based sources. Probably the more significant developments to extend petroleum-based liquid fuels lie in the recovery of oil from the tar sands, and the pilot plant projects involving oil shale pyrolysis experiments to liquid fuels. 

Makkar HPS, Becker K (1997) Potential of J. curcas seed metil as a protein supplement to livestock feed, constraints to its utilisation and possible strategies to overcome constraints. In Giibits GM, Mittelbach M, Tiabi M (eds) Biofuels and industrieil products from J. curcasDb, Graz, pp 190-205... 

Currently microalgae are used as nutrition supplement in special applications like medium quality improvement or the coloring of foods, for example salmon with beta carotene. Nonalimentation appHcations of microalgae include biofertilizers from biochar and cosmetic ingredients for face and skin care [45]. For industrial processes, microalgae are a potential source for fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, and pigments. Recently, they are also discussed for the provision of biofuels [44]. 

The mass spectra obtained from the analysis of complex bio-oils and biofuels are ideal for chemometric interpretation. Chemometrics is an alternative or supplement to the visual inspection of the spectra and also to the identification of the numerous individual lines in the spectra. In biofuel research, chemometrics has so far been used with spectra obtained with ESI-MS using direct injec-... 

I. (2014) A comparison between renewable transport fuels that can supplement or replace biofuels in a 100% renewable energy system. Energy, 73, 110-125. 

NMR spectroscopy is a well-established analytical technique in biofuel research. Over the past few decades, lignocellulosic biomass and its conversion to supplement or displace non-renewable feedstocks has attracted increasing interest. The application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy has long been seen as an important tool in the study of cellulose and lignocellulose structure, biosynthesis, and deconstruction, especially considering the limited number of effective solvent systems and the significance of plant cell wall three-dimensional microstructure and component interaction to conversion yield and rate profiles. The article by Foston reviews common and recent applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods that provide insight into the structural and dynamic processes of cellulose that control bulk properties and biofuel conversion. 

Microbial oils may have great potential for biodiesel production due to FA composition. Microorganisms also produce edible oils rich in PUFA for dietary supplements and infant nutrition applications (Ratledge 2004 Cahoon and Schmid 2008). It is possible to observe that the FA profile produced by microorganisms is quite similar to vegetable oils (Table 5) and can thus be used as a substitute for biofuels. 

Microalgal species that have been targeted for the production of biofuels include species that produce extracellular polysaccharides that may be recovered through a wash of the biomass prior to extraction of the lipid or direct conversion processes. For example, Chlorella pyrenoidosa produces extracellular, hot water-soluble polysaccharides that have been investigated as potential dietary supplements (Hsu et al., 2009). In addition, Chlorella rmlgaris polysaccharides were also shown to have antiviral activities and could also be important for the health food market (Santoyo et al., 2010). 

The oleaginous nature of microalgae allows them to biosynthesize lipids with a commercial interest for biofuel, nutritional supplements, and pharmaceutical applications. Generating biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio jet fuel from microalgae as a replacement for their fossil fuel-based coxmterparts has been an ongoing quest since the early 1960s and has been explored in... 

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