Polyesters biodegradability

Liu QY, Tian M, Ding T, Shi R, and Zhang LQ. Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable polyester elastomer with thermal processing abilities. J Appl Polym Sci, 2005, 98, 2033-2041. 

Webb A, Yang J, and Ameer G. Biodegradable polyester elastomers for tissue engineering. Exp Opin Biol Ther, 2004, 4(6), 801-812. 

De Groot JH, de Vrijer R, Pennings AJ, Klompmaker J, Veth RPH, and Jansen HWB. Use of porous polyurethanes for meniscal reconstruchon and meniscal prosthesis. Biomaterials, 1996, 17, 163-174. Borkerhagen M, Stoh RC, Neuenschwander P, Suter UW, and Aebischer P. In vivo performance of a new biodegradable polyester urethane system used as a nerve guidance channel. Biomaterials, 1998, 19, 2155-2165. 

Borkerhagen M, Stoh RC, Neuenschwander P, Suter UW, and Aebischer P. In vivo performance of a new biodegradable polyester urethane system used as a nerve guidance channel. Biomaterials, 1998, 19, 2155-2165. 

Siemann (27) recently determined the solubility parameters and densities of a group of biodegradable polyesters. Solubility parameters... 

Siemann, U., Densitometric determination of the solubility parameters of biodegradable polyesters, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 12, 53, 1985. 

Pitt, C. G., Gratzl, M. M., Jeffcoat, A. R., Zweidinger, R., and Schindler, A., Sustained drug delivery systems. II. Factors affecting release rates from poly( e-caprolactone) and related biodegradable polyesters, J. Pharm. Sci.. 68, 1534-1538, 1979. 

When polyester-hydrolyzing activity was isolated using synthetic polyesters such as polycaprolactone, and the enzyme was examined in detail, it was found that it was a cutinase that was responsible for the hydrolysis [113]. Similarly, the polyester domains of suberin were found to be degraded by cutinase. Cutinase is a polyesterase, and similar enzymes may be widely distributed and can degrade a variety of natural and synthetic polyesters. Microbial polyhydroxy-alkanoic acids that are attracting increasing attention as biodegradable polyesters can be hydrolyzed by bacterial polyesterases that share some common features with cutinases [114] and this area is covered in another chapter [115]. 

Sasikala C, Ramana CV (1996) Biodegradable polyesters. In Neidleman SL, Laskin AI (eds) Advances in applied microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego, p 97... 

In vitro polyester syntheses using an isolated enzyme as catalyst via non-bio-synthetic pathways is reviewed. These enzymatic routes for production of biodegradable polyesters possess several advances in comparison with fermentation and chemical processes ... 

Beside poly(HA) other biodegradable polyesters have been described ... 

Several novel biodegradable polyesters of different compositions have been developed during the last decade, e.g., an aliphatic copolymer of various glycols and dicarboxylic acids (Bionolle) or copolymers of aliphatic diols and aromatic monomers [119-121]. 

Fig. 2 Chemical structures of biodegradable polyesters used for preparation of nanoparticles...

Mohamed F, van der Walle CF (2008) Engineering biodegradable polyester particles with specific drug targeting and drug release properties. J Pharm Sci 97 71-87... 

Carbonylation of epoxides provides direct access to a large variety of hydroxy carbonyl compounds, such as /Mac tones, useful synthons in organic synthesis, and poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), important biodegradable polyesters. Thus, the development of efficient catalysts for such carbonylations has been widely studied. 

The ring-expansion carbonylation of epoxides is the most widely studied field in the epoxide carbonylation chemistry since the product lactones are highly attractive targets particularly, /1-lactones are useful compounds due to their versatility in organic synthesis [ 14,15] as well as their utilization as monomers to produce poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, naturally occurring biodegradable polyesters [16-19]. 

Biodegradable polyesters are also made by copolymerization of aliphatic and aromatic forms, or by polyester amide structures. The molecular structures need... 

Figure 12.6 Structure of a biodegradable polyester, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), with alternating pendent groups...

Earthshell composite is made of biodegradable polyester, paper wastes and ground limestone. 

Biodegradable polyester-based nanoparticles have also been studied, especially in the biomedical domain. Like microelectronics, biomedical research follows the rule smaller is better . A typical example of nanoparticles based on the aliphatic polyester engineering by living ROP is provided by the poly(CL-h-GA) copolymers which form stable colloidal dispersions in organic solvents such as toluene and THF without the need of any additional surfactant [27]. The poly(CL-h-GA) particles form a new class of stable non-aqueous dispersions in... 

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a biopolymer produced by numerous bacteria in nature as an intercellular carbon and energy reserve and belongs to the class of poly (hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs). In 1925, the French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne discovered and characterized PHB extracted from Bacillus megaterium. However, it is produced by a various number of microorganisms such as Cupriavidus necator or Ralstonia eutroph. PHAs are biodegradable polyesters with a structure as shown in Fig. 1. 

Allmendinger M (2004) PhD Thesis. Multi-Site Catalysis - Novel Strategies to Biodegradable Polyesters from Epoxides/CO and Macrocyclic Complexes as Enzyme Models. Universitat Ulm, Ulm... 

Ecoflex FS A Biodegradable Polyester with New Mechanical Properties and a High Content of Renewable Resources... 

Because of the incompatibility of standard polymers to biodegradable polyesters an appropriate purging procedure has to be developed. 

High shear forces and stagnation zones should be avoided when processing biodegradable polyesters such as starch compounds because they are sensitive to thermal degradation [12]. 

Vaida C, Mela P, Keul H, Moller M (2008) 2D- and 3D-microstructured biodegradable polyester resins. J Polym Sci A Polym (Them 46 6789-6800... 

Breitenbach, A., Y.X. Li, and T. Kissel, Branched biodegradable polyesters for parenteral drug delivery systems. J Control Release, 2000. 64(1-3) 167-78. 

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