Biomedical domain

Chemical structural information is one of the missing pieces in the great effort to bring biomedical research into the realm of twenty-first century information extraction and knowledge discovery paradigms. Proteins, genes, diseases, and chemical compounds constitute the major entities extracted in the biomedical domain. The ability to read structure information and substructure information and their association to other entities could have a major impact on toxicity information in particular and ADMET data in general. 

Biodegradable polyester-based nanoparticles have also been studied, especially in the biomedical domain. Like microelectronics, biomedical research follows the rule smaller is better . A typical example of nanoparticles based on the aliphatic polyester engineering by living ROP is provided by the poly(CL-h-GA) copolymers which form stable colloidal dispersions in organic solvents such as toluene and THF without the need of any additional surfactant [27]. The poly(CL-h-GA) particles form a new class of stable non-aqueous dispersions in... 

NLP techniques provide the basis to extract this kind of more detailed information. In the past years approaches have been developed that are mainly focused on the biomedical domain to extract protein-protein interactions60 and gene-disease relations.61 They are based upon the correct recognition of the named entities taking part in the relationship. Dedicated patterns have to be developed to identify all the phrasal constructs that are indicative of relationships between chemical and biomedical entities available in text being of interest for academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry. 

PHA production may be destined to partially replace non-degradable synthetic polymers in various applications, such as packaging, agriculture, leisure, rapid restoration, health and the biomedical domain [POL 11, SUD 00]. 

Inorganic nanoflllers such as clays or ceramics may improve mechanical properties and dielectric properties. An abundant literature has been devoted to layered silicates for applications in the biomedical domain, hydroxyapatite (HAp e.g., nanoparticles of 300 nm in Figure 13.1a) might be of interest. Ferroelectric ceramics are attractive for their high dielectric permittivity and electroactive properties. As an example, BaTiOa particles with d 700 nm are shown in Figure 13.1b. Conductive nanoparticles should induce electrical conductivity in polymeric matrices, but to preserve the mechanical properties, small amount should be used. Consequently, there is great interest in conductive nanotubes [i.e., carbon nanotubes (CNTs)], which exhibit the highest... 

Nambiar et al. have undertaken a comprehensive review of the conducting polymers used for fabricating electrochemical biosensors, tactile sensing skins, and thermal sensors for applications in biomedical domains (Nambiar and Yeow 2011). 

Starting from these considerations, the present chapter summarizes several types of cellulose nanocomposite (including the cellulose acetate-based ones), classified according to nanoreinforcement namre and surface modification processes. These recent scientific information can add to the basic knowledge in the field of polymeric materials, and to the diversification of their applications, especially in the biomedical domain, as due to their antimicrobial properties. 

Various kinds of colloidal particles have been used in biomedical domains. In analytical chemistry, they are used as sohd supports for sample preparation. In the drug dehvery field, nanocolloids, and particularly stimuli responsive polymer-based nanogels, have been intensively explored as protein carriers for in vivo applications. The reported smdies in this direction are mainly focused on the release efficiency rather than on the driven forces involved in the loading and the release of the loaded proteins. 

The anionic polymerization in aqueous dispersed systems concerns mainly the alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers, which can polymerize spontaneously at a very fast rate in the presence of water. (Nano)partides and nanocapsules were synthesized by emulsion, miniemulsion, or inverse miniemulsion polymerization processes. They mainly find applications in the biomedical domains and received for that reason a huge interest which makes it impossible to be exhaustive in this chapter. 

Lack of biocompatibility [39] was mentioned but seems to be now reconsidered there is few applications in biomedical domain. The main applications are in food [40] as a thickener or stabilizer of emulsions. They are also used in personnal care, cosmetic and pharmaceutic compositions and household care products for which there are many patents [37, 41,42]. Low molecular weight sulphated derivatives of galactomannan have anticoagulant activity[28]. Different pharmaceutical applications are mentioned in the literature as example for blood glucose-lowering effect[43], or to produce tablets by compression and control the release of drugs [44-46]... 

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