Applications biocatalysis

As proven in this review and other papers, organic-aqueous biphasic media have been useful in many areas of biocatalysis applications. We summarize the potential advantages in carrying out biocatalysis in biphasic systems ... 

A common way to benefit from the ability to combine different molecular orbital methods in ONIOM is to combine a DFT or ab-initio description of the reactive region with a semi-empirical treatment of the immediate protein environment, including up to 1000 atoms. Due to the requirement for reliable semi-empirical parameters, as discussed in Section 2.2.1, this approach has primarily been used for non-metal or Zn-enzymes. Examples include human stromelysin-1 [83], carboxypeptidase [84], ribonucleotide reductase (substrate reaction) [85], farnesyl transferase [86] and cytosine deaminase [87], Combining two ab-initio methods of different accuracy is not common in biocatalysis applications, and one example from is an ONIOM (MP2 HF) study of catechol O-methyltransferase [88],... 

The food industry is a fertile area for biocatalysis applications high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) from glucose with glucose isomerase, the thermolysin-catalyzed synthesis of the artificial sweetener Aspartame , hydrolysis of lactose for lactose-intolerant consumers, and the synthesis of the nutraceutical i-camitine in a two-enzyme system from "ybutyrobetaine all serve as examples. 

V. Nagarajan, Biocatalysis applications and potentials for the chemical industry, Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 238-242. 

Figure 5.1 A host of new industrial sectors (right) are joining the traditional biocatalysis application fields (left).

Figure 5.2 Chemical structures of three common coenzymes NADH, ATP, and coenzyme A. Since coenzymes and cofactors are often complex and expensive molecules, their regeneration is crucial in industrial biocatalysis applications.

For most enzymes, the CLEC is much more robust than the simple isolated enzyme. CLECs can withstand higher temperatures, they denature more slowly in organic solvents, and they are less susceptible to proteolysis [71]. Moreover, since there is no external support involved, CLECs exhibit a high volumetric productivity. These advantages, together with the tunable particle size (typically 1-100 pm), make CLECs attractive for industrial biocatalysis applications. 

Explored the role of fundamental chemistry in biocatalysis applications for energy systems. 

Topics in enzyme and fermentation biotechnology 1. Ellis Horwod, Chichester, pp 71-87 Thomas SM, DiCosimo R, Nagarajan V (2002) Biocatalysis applications and potentials for the chemical industry. TIBTECH 20(6) 238-242... 

Enzyme immobilisation on mesoporous silica has also proved attractive for biocatalysis applications, particularly in nonaqueous solvents, since immobilisation of enzymes results in increased mechanical stability and potential for catalyst recyclingMany factors, such as relative size of nanopore/enzyme, nanopore volume, surface characteristics of support/enzyme influence enzyme loading and activity Enzymes... 

Simulation of the behaviour of membrane bioreactors has been carried out with the aim of presenting an overview of this very relevant field of biocatalysis applications. 

An analysis of membrane bioreactors has been carried out in this chapter with the aim of presenting an overview of this very relevant field of biocatalysis applications. Membrane bioreactors are in continuous development. Many studies related to new configurations or more effectiveness membranes are currently being undertaken. Membrane bioreactors can be applied in a variety of fields, including food science, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, energy and environmental fields. 

Polymer latex particles are usually benign in the body and may be functionalised to improve biocompatibility. There are many potential biomedical applications of latexes. Emulsions have potential relevance in the area of controlled-release drug-delivery (246, 253, 259). Because emulsion polymers have substantial interfacial areas, they are potentially useful as supports for use in relatively low-temperature biocatalysis applications (171, 308). Fluorescent-dyed latex particles (218) are... 

Ionic liquids are still in the research phase. Therefore, there are only a few industrial applications known (Fig. 20.3). However, there is a large field of potentially interesting applications (Table 20.3). Several pilots or industrial processes using ILs were publicly announced. There are few reviews which describe those applications in detail [1]. Most of the potential applications are as solvents or catalysts in many chemical reactions such as Diels-Alder, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and biocatalysis. Applications in other fields such as in separations, fluid applications, and analytical applications, are lower in numbers. There are now many companies who supply ionic liquids in gram scale to multi-ton scale. Some of the key suppliers are listed in Table 20.4. In this chapter, maiifly the applications in the pilot-plant and industrial phase will be discussed. Aspects of ionic liquid stability, cost, recycling, and waste disposal will be also discussed at the end of this chapter. 

Future applications of biocatalysis will be related to discovery of novel activities and substrate relationships (21). As mentioned earlier in this paper, high throughput NMR spectroscopy provides a mechanism to discover such new enzymatic activities and chemistry. To date, this technology has been applied to substrate bioconversions. However, the application can be extended to the discovery of biocatalysis applications to polymer science. 

Storbeck R, Ballauff M (1993) Synthesis and properties of polyesters based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and l,4/3,6-dianhydrohexitols. Polymer 34(23) 5003-5006 Thomas SM, DiCosimo R, Nagarajan A (2002) Biocatalysis applications and potentials for the chemical industry. Trends Biotechnol 20(6) 238-242 Ugidos A, Morales G, Rial E, Williams HD, Rojo F (2008) The coordinate regulation of multiple terminal oxidases by the Pseudomonas putida ANR global regulator. Environ Microbiol 10 (7) 1690-1702... 

Efficient synthesis of optically pure alcohols by asymmetric hydrogen-transfer biocatalysis application of engineered enzymes in a 2-propanol-water medium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 93, 1075-1085. 

Enzyme Commercially Available Enzyme is Proprietary to the Vendor In this situation, the vendor becomes responsible for all aspects of enzyme manufacture and formulation. If the enzyme of interest is one that is already being manufactured at very large scales for other industries, as is the case for many commodity enzymes (e.g., for commercial detergents), these can often be pircchased at very lorv cost. Enzymes offered solely for biocatalysis applications are usually more expensive. The main issue in both cases is that there is usually only a single supplier for the enzyme. 

Fig. 7.7 Biological ILs based on chitosan for biosensors and biocatalysis application...

Traditional techniques such as physical adsorption and covalent linkage onto solid supports, entrapment in polymer matrices, and microencapsulation have long been used for immobilizing such enzymes as lipases, proteases, hydantoinases, acylases, amidases, oxidases, isomerases, lyases, and transferases [12-18]. Encapsulation and adsorption have also proved their utility in the immobilization of bacterial, fungal, animal, and plant cells [12-21]. However, as biocatalysis applications have grown, so the drawbacks and limitations of traditional approaches have become increasingly evident. The forefront issues now facing bioimmobilization are indicated in Table 1. 

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