Fermentation biotechnology

Fig. 30.2. Worldwide industrial biotechnology fermentation capacity distribution.

The noted technical weaknesses are certainly not due to the total neglect of such issues and are probably not unexpected. It simply takes considerable time and effort to develop the technology to exploit the new techniques. Those who started early, developing the techniques to a level where these can be sufficiently controlled for an industrial application, are more likely to win the race to the market place. In the case of medicinal products fi om biotechnology, fermentation technology is an essential element of the technical development. In Japan this has been recognized very early and Japan s breweries have put considerable money into fermentation research. 

Biotechnology fermentation/ cell culture Establishment of master cell bank and working cell bank Maintenance of working cell bank Cell culture and/or fermentation Isolation and purification Physical processing, and packaging... 

Since microbial production of L-glutamic acid was started in 1957 in Japan, various amino acids production with microorganisms has been developed and almost all protein-constitutive amino acids become able to be produced by microbial biotechnology, fermentation, or enzymatic method. This chapter summarizes the microbial biotechnology which was developed and industrialized in Japan. The amino acids include L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-DOPA, L-glutamic acid, D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine, hydroxy-L-proline, L-lysine and L-threonine. 

Other methods can be used to obtain sorbitol, such as the electrolytic reduction of glucose and com syrup biotechnological fermentation (Barros and Celligoi, 2006 Rowe, 2009). Several... 

Uses Antifoam for biotechnology/fermentation applies., food processing, brewing, pharmaceutical and water treatment... 

Biopolymer Extraction. Research interests involving new techniques for separation of biochemicals from fermentation broth and cell culture media have increased as biotechnology has grown. Most separation methods are limited to small-scale appHcations but recendy solvent extraction has been studied as a potential technique for continuous and large-scale production and the use of two-phase aqueous systems has received increasing attention (259). A range of enzymes have favorable partition properties in a system based on a PGE—dextran—salt solution (97) ... 

Table 3. Biotechnology Companies Utilizing Fermentation Technology in 1993...

Oxygen, when introduced into fish-farming ponds and pools, particularly trout pools, enables these fish to increase their food intake and hence grow more rapidly (see Aquaculture chemicals). Fermentation operations are accelerated by sparging with oxygen (see Aeration,biotechnology Ferl ntation). 

T. Tsunoda in Bioindustry Development Center (BIDEC), eds.. From Fermentation to Neir Biotechnology (in Japanese), Japan Science Society Press, Tokyo, Japan, 1989. 

O. P. Ward, ed.. Fermentation Biotechnology Principles, Processes, Products, Vol. 1, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1989. 

Bioprocess Control An industrial fermenter is a fairly sophisticated device with control of temperature, aeration rate, and perhaps pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen, or some nutrient concentration. There has been a strong trend to automated data collection and analysis. Analog control is stiU very common, but when a computer is available for on-line data collec tion, it makes sense to use it for control as well. More elaborate measurements are performed with research bioreactors, but each new electrode or assay adds more work, additional costs, and potential headaches. Most of the functional relationships in biotechnology are nonlinear, but this may not hinder control when bioprocess operate over a narrow range of conditions. Furthermore, process control is far advanced beyond the days when the main tools for designing control systems were intended for linear systems. 

Cake Filters - These are filters that are used to remove large amounts of solids from a slurry solution. They would normally be seen in biotechnology in the primary clarification of fermentation batches and in a variety of solids removal steps seen in the production of drugs via organic synthesis. 

Biotechnological processes may be divided into fermentation processes and biotransformations. In a fermentation process, products are formed from components in the fermentation broth, as primary or secondary metabolites, by microorganisms or higher cells. Product examples are amino acids, vitamins, or antibiotics such as penicillin or cephalosporin. In these cases, co-solvents are sometimes used for in situ product extraction. 

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