Beta-1,3-glucan

Klarzynski O, Plesse B, Joubert JM, Yvin JC, Kopp M, Kloareg B, Fritig B (2000) Linear beta-1, 3-glucans are elicitors of defense responses in tobacco. Plant Physiol 124 1027-1038 Klebanoff SJ (1980) Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes. Ann Intern Med 93 480-489... 

Granum E, Myklestad SM (1999) Effects of NH4+ assimilation on dark carbon fixation and beta-1,3-glucan metabolism in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae). J Phycol 35 1191-1199 Granum E, Myklestad SM (2001) Mobilization of beta-1,3-glucan and biosynthesis of amino acids induced by NH4+ addition to N-limited cells of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae). J Phycol 37 772-782... 

Myklestad SM (1978) Beta-1,3-glucans in diatoms and brown seaweeds. In Hellebust JA, Craigie JS (eds) Handbook of phycological methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 133-141... 

Beta-1,3-glucan, 15 Bleidner Apparatus, 17 Borneol, 66, 96 Bovine Rennet, 18 Brilliant Blue FCF, 24 Bromelain, 18... 

Benzoylbenzene, 458 Benzoyl Peroxide, 43 Benzyl Acetate, 458, 570, 608 Benzyl Alcohol, 458, 570, 646 Benzyl Benzoate, 458, 647 Benzyl Butyrate, 458, 647 Benzyl n-Butyrate, 458 Benzyl Cinnamate, 458, 647 Benzyl Formate, 460, 608 Benzyl Isobutyrate, 460, 608 Benzyl Isovalerate, 460, 648, (Sl)60 Benzyl 3-Methyl Butyrate, 460 Benzyl 2-Methyl Propionate, 460 Benzyl Phenylacetate, 460, 608 Benzyl Propanoate, 460 Benzyl Propionate, 648 Benzyl Salicylate, 460, 682 Bergamot Oil, Coldpressed, 44, 575 beta Cyclodextrin, (Sl)15 Beta-1,3-Glucan, (S3)15 BHA, 44 BHT, 45... 

Georgopapadakou NH. Update on antifungals targeted to the cell wall focus on beta-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001 10(2) 269-80. 

Kimura, T., Kitamoto, N., Kito, Y., Iimura, Y., Shirai, T., Komiyama, T., Furuichi, Y., Sakka, K., and Ohmiya, K. (1997). A novel yeast gene, RHK1, is involved in the synthesis of the cell wall receptor for the HM-1 killer toxin that inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 254, 139-147. 

Ohno, N., Adachi, Y., Suzuki, L, Oikawa, S., Sato, K., Ohsawa, M., and Yadomae, T, Antitumor activity of a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from liquid cultured mycelium of Grifola frondosa, J. Pharmacobiodyn., 9, 861-864, 1986. 

Vetvicka, V. and Yvin, J.C. (2004) Effects of marine beta-1,3 glucan on immune reactions. Int. Immunopharmacol. 4, 721-730... 

Equation 11 has been popularly used for example to investigate the molecular weights of carboxymethylchitins [51-53], glycodendrimers [54,55], galactomannans [56], beta-glucans [57,58] and alginates [59]. 

LiFSCHiTZ c H, GRUSAK M A, BUTTE N F (2002) Carbohydrate Digestion in Humans from a beta-Glucan-Enriched Barley Is Reduced. JNutr. 132 2593-6. 

Symposium The Beta-Glucan Receptor and Response to PGG, International Congress for Infectious Diseases, Montreal, Canada, July 1990. 

Young, S. H., Dong, W. J. and Jacobs, R. R. (2000). Observation of a partially opened triple-helix conformation in l->3-beta-glucan by fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11874-11879. 

Jackson, G. and Bamforth, C. W. (1983). Anomalous haze readings due to beta-glucans. J. Inst. Brew. 89,155-156. 

HV057 Sasatamoinen, M., S. Plaami, J. Kumpulainen, and O. Rantanen. Concentrations of water soluble and in- HV068 soluble beta-glucan and phytic acid in 6 row and 2-row barley. Cereal Res Commun 1991 19(4) 391-397. 

B. Sundberg, P. Aman, and H. Anders- HV083 son. Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects. Amer J Clin HV084... 

Lehtonen, M., and R. Aikasalo. Beta-glucan in two-and six-rowed barley. Cereal Chem 1987 64(3) 191-193. Argandona, V. H., G. E. Zuniga, and L. ]. Corcuera. Distribution of gramine and hydroxamic acids and wheat leaves. Phytochemistry 1987 26(7) 1917-1918. 

HV137 Delaney B., T. Carlson, S. Frazer, et al. Evaluation of the toxicity of concen-trated barley beta-glucan in a 28-day feeding study in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2003 41(4) 477-487. 

HV169 Keogh G. F., G. J. Cooper, T. B. Mulvey, et al. Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect of a highly beta-glucan-enriched barley on cardiovascular disease risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78(4) 711-718. 

HV185 Bourdon I., W. Yokoyama, P. Davis, et al. Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley pasta enriched with beta-glucan. Am J Clin Nutr 1999 69(1) 55-63. 

Zheng, R. Hess, K. Ostergren, ]. Haworth and N. Knutson. Beta-glucan franctions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in hypercho-lesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters. J Nutr 2003 133(2) 468-475. 

Figure 15 Fluorescence intensity profiles of cross sections of three oat kernels with different levels of mixed-linkage beta-glucan after staining with the beta-glucan specific fluorochrome Calcofluor (highest peaks indicate highest concentrations of beta-glucan). Note that the polymer is not uniformly distributed throughout the kernel.

Bell, S., Goldman, V.M., Bistrian, B.R., Arnold, A.H., Ostroff, G., and Forse, R.A. 1999. Effect of beta-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 39, 189-202. 

Bohm N, Kulicke WM (1999) Rheological studies of barley (l->3)(l->4)-beta-glucan in concentrated solution mechanistic and kinetic investigation of the gel formation. Carbohydr Res 315 302-311... 

Nutritionally, carbohydrates may generally be classified as simple sugars (e.g. glucose or fructose), polysaccharides (e.g. homoglycans such as starch or beta-glucans) or complex carbohydrates (e.g. glycoproteins). 

Wood, P.J. Beer, M.U. Butler, G. 2000. Evaluation of role of concentration and molecular weight of oat beta-glucan in determining effect of viscosity on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. Br. J. Nutr. 84 19-23. 

Uusitupa, M.l. et al., A controlled study on the effect of beta-glucan-rich oat bran on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 6, 651, 1992. 

Laminarin. A beta-glucan polysaccharide produced by many chromists through photos)mthesis. 

Czop, J.K. and Austen, K.F. (1985). Generation ofleukotrienes by human monocytes upon stimulation of their beta-glucan receptor during phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 2751-2755. 

Oats and oat-containing foods Soluble fiber beta glucan Reduce cholesterol... 

The primary use of cellulase in the feed industry has been in barley- and wheat-based feeds for broiler chickens and pigs. The barley and wheat contain soluble beta-glucans that increase the viscosity of the feed in the gut of the animal. This, in turn, causes an uptake of water, which decreases the amount of carbohydrate and vitamins that the animal obtains from the feed, as well as causing sticky stool and related problems of disease and effluent disposal [21, 22]. Inclusion of cellulase in the feed, as well as xylanase and other enzymes, helps to overcome these problems. 

Cellulase enzymes break down cellulose and beta-glucan associated with the cell walls, thereby decreasing the viscosity of the mash and increasing the ease of the juice recovery. The conversion of cellulose and beta-glucans into soluble... 

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