Batteries cobalt

Lil+>,Co02 is an anode for high-energy-density lithium batteries. Cobalt is present as a mixture of Co(III) and Co(II). Most preparations also contain inert lithium salts and moisture. To find the stoichiometry, Co was measured by atomic absorption and its average oxidation state was measured by a potentiometric titra-... 

Cobalt is used in various types of rechargeable batteries. In the Ni-Cd batteries, cobalt represents 1-5% of the weight of nickel hydroxide at the cathode. In the nickel metal hydride battery (Ni/MH), cobalt is moreover employed at the anode as a hydrogen storage alloy such as mischmetal (NiCoAlMn (5-15% Co). Finally, in the Li-ion batteries, the cathode could be LiCo02 where cobalt could represent 50% of the weight (6, 7). 

Electrochemistry and Kinetics. The electrochemistry of the nickel—iron battery and the crystal stmctures of the active materials depends on the method of preparation of the material, degree of discharge, the age (Life cycle), concentration of electrolyte, and type and degree of additives, particularly the presence of lithium and cobalt. A simplified equation representing the charge—discharge cycle can be given as ... 

Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate [10026-22-9], Co(N02)2 6H20, is a dark reddish to reddish brown, monoclinic crystalline material containing about 20% cobalt. It has a high solubiUty in water and solutions containing 14 or 15% cobalt are commonly used in commerce. Cobalt nitrate can be prepared by dissolution of the simple oxide or carbonate in nitric acid, but more often it is produced by direct oxidation of the metal with nitric acid. Dissolution of cobalt(III) and mixed valence oxides in nitric acid occurs in the presence of formic acid (5). The ttihydrate forms at 55°C from a melt of the hexahydrate. The nitrate is used in electronics as an additive in nickel—ca dmium batteries (qv), in ceramics (qv), and in the production of vitamin B 2 [68-19-9] (see Vitamins, VITAMIN B22)-... 

Cobalt salts are used as activators for catalysts, fuel cells (qv), and batteries. Thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate is used in the production of cobalt powder. Cobalt compounds have been used as selective absorbers for oxygen, in electrostatographic toners, as fluoridating agents, and in molecular sieves. Cobalt ethyUiexanoate and cobalt naphthenate are used as accelerators with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide for the room temperature cure of polyester resins. 

The lithium-ion-polymer battery, which uses a cathode that contains lithium instead of cobalt, is likely to eventually replace lithium-ion. Lithium-ion-polymer batteries boast a longer life expectancy (over 500 charge-and-discharge cycles as opposed to around 400), much more versatility (they are flat and flexible and can be cut to fit almost any shape), and better safety (far less likely to vent flames while recharging). 

Cobalt is invariably present in commercial MHt battery electrodes. It tends to increase hydride thermodynamic stability and inhibit corrosion. However, it is also expensive and substantially increases battery costs thus, the substitution of Co by a lower/cost metal is desirable. Willems and Buschow [40] attributed reduced corrosion in LaNi 5 vCoi (x= 1 -5) to low Vn. Sakai et al. [47 J noted that LaNi25Co25 was the most durable of a number of substituted LaNi5 iCoi alloys but it also had the lowest storage capacity. 

Subcategory A encompasses the manufacture of all batteries in which cadmium is the reactive anode material. Cadmium anode batteries currently manufactured are based on nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium couples (Table 32.1). The manufacture of cadmium anode batteries uses various raw materials, which comprises cadmium or cadmium salts (mainly nitrates and oxides) to produce cell cathodes nickel powder and either nickel or nickel-plated steel screen to make the electrode support structures nylon and polypropylene, for use in manufacturing the cell separators and either sodium or potassium hydroxide, for use as process chemicals and as the cell electrolyte. Cobalt salts may be added to some electrodes. Batteries of this subcategory are predominantly rechargeable and find application in calculators, cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices, in addition to a variety of industrial applications.1-4 A typical example is the nickel-cadmium battery described below. 

Nogueira, C. A. Delmas, F. New flowsheet for the recovery of cadmium, cobalt and nickel from spent Ni-Cd batteries by solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy 1999, 52, 267-287. 

The electrochemical behavior of thin-film oxide-hydroxide electrodes containing chromium, nickel and cobalt compounds was investigated. Experimental results have shown that such compounds can be successfully used as active cathodic materials in a number of emerging primary and secondary battery applications. 

Julien, C., Camacho-Lopez, M. A., Mohan, T., Chitra, S., Kalyani, P., Gopukumar, S., Combustion synthesis and characterization of substituted lithium cobalt oxides in lithium batteries, Solid State Ionics 135, 241-248 (2000). 

Another issue with metals is availability. For example, cobalt is not produced in the United States, but it used extensively in a wide variety of alloys and in the production of one of the most common types of lithium batteries. The availability of cobalt is crucial to several segments of American industry. For example, batteries being developed for use in automobiles powered by alternate energy sources are currently envisioned to use a lithium ion battery that also contains cobalt. However, cobalt is not the only strategic metal, and there is concern about the availability of several metals that are vital to industries in the United States, China, and Japan. There will be competition and stockpiling of strategic metals as the reserves become less accessible. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

In large volume production, the availability of electrode materials for batteries must also be considered, such as cobalt, nickel, iron or manganese, and above all lithium (see also Deutsche Bank, 2008). The lithium demand is 0.3 kg lithium metal equivalent/kWh (Tahil, 2006) 17 for a 30 kWh battery (20 kWh/100 km and 150 km range) this results in 9 kg lithium/vehicle. To avoid stresses on lithium supply battery recycling will be crucial. 

Yang S, Cui G, Pang S, Cao Q, Kolb U, Feng X, Amier J, Mullen K. Fabrication of cobalt and cobalt oxide/graphene composites Towards high-performance anode materials for lithium batteries, ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 236-239. 

Substituted nickel oxides, such as LiNii j /3ojAl/l2, are prime candidates for the cathode of advanced lithium batteries for use in large-scale systems as required for hybrid electric vehicles. On charging these mixed oxides the nickel is oxidized first to Ni + then the cobalt to Co +. SAFT has constructed cells with these substituted nickel oxides that have been cycled 1000 times at 80% depth of discharge with an energy density of 120—130 Wh/kg. ... 

Finally, there are many metal-containing solid wastes that may undergo leaching if disposed to land spent catalysts (cobalt, nickel, vanadium) spent batteries (nickel, cadmium, lithium, lead) combustion ashes etc. 

Cesium-137 is a highly useful radioisotope that emits its radiation at a very steady and controllable rate. This makes it useful as an atomic clock because it is extremely accurate and never needs winding or a new battery. It is also useful as a radiation source for treatment of malignant cancers. Cs-137 has replaced the much more dangerous cobalt-60 as a source of radiation in industry and medicine. 

Cobalt(II) hydroxide is used as a drier for paints and varnishes and is added to hthographic printing inks to enhance their drying properties. Other applications are in the preparation of cobalt salts as a catalyst and in storage battery electrodes. 

Cobalt(II) sulfate is used in storage batteries and electroplating baths for cobalt. It also is used as a dryer for lithographic inks in pigments for decorating porcelains in ceramics, glazes and enamels to protect from discoloring and as a additive to soils. 

In addition to aluminum, other types of metal matrices in MMCs include magnesium, which is relatively easy to fabricate due to its low melting point, lead for batteries, titanium for aircraft turbine engines, copper for magnetohydrodynamics, and iron, nickel, or cobalt alloys. 

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