Basophil enhancement

Briles DE, Kunz-Schughart LA, Talke Y, Mack M Basophils enhance immunological memory res- 36 ponses. Nat Immunol 2008 9 733-742. 

DW Jr, Bochner BS. Gillis S. Zsebo KM. Galli SJ, Lichtenstein LM The human recombinant c-kit 49 receptor ligand, rhSCF, induces mediator release from human cutaneous mast cells and enhances IgE-dependent mediator release from both skin mast cells and peripheral blood basophils. J Immunol 1992 149 599. sO... 

Histamine H4 receptor High expression on bone marrow and peripheral hematopoietic cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, DC,T cells, basophils, mast cells Low expression in nerve cells, hepatocytes peripheral tissues, spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon and heart Enhanced Ca +, inhibition of cAMP ... 

Male Fischer 344 rats were fed 200 ppm 2-acetylaminofiuorene (AAF) for seven weeks to induce hepatocellular altered foci, and were subsequently fed 0 or 12 000 ppm di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (98% pure) in the diet. No evidence of induction of hepatocellular altered foci or hepatic neoplasms was found when di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was given alone for 24 weeks. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate fed for 24 weeks increased basophilic foci, but showed no promoting effect on iron-excluding altered hepatic foci induced by AAF, and produced no significant enhancement of the occurrence of AAF-induced liver neoplasms (3/6 compared with 3/12) (Williams et al., 1987). 

IL-18 also induces IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 production, increases IgE expression on B cells and in association with IL-2, it enhances stimulus-induced IL-4 production from TH2 cells. Bone marrow-derived basophils produce IL-4 and IL-13 in response to a stimulus from IL-18 and IL-3. IL-18 in combination with IL-12 induces IFN-y from dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, are induced by this cytokine on synovial fibroblasts and endothelial cells. It inhibits osteoclast formation via its induction of GM-CSF from T cells. The receptors ofIL-18, IL-18Ra and IL-18R(3, share their signaling mechanisms via the IL-1R family. Toll-like receptors also share the downstream signaling pathway of IL-18 and are known to regulate IL-18 expression. 

Strengthens the immune system enhances lactoferrin tolerance against viruses, bacteria, and fungi regulates keratinization, hematopoiesis, production of neutrophils, erythrocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, as well as influence on immunoglobulin, TNF-a, TGF- 5, INF-y,... 

Enhances survival, proliferation and differentiation of multipotential stem cells and committed precursors of the granulocyte, macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, neutrophil, megakaryocyte, mast cell and basophil lineages Enhances effector functions of myeloid end cells such as phagocytosis and cytotoxicity... 

A recent study by Brunner a al. (1993) has confirmed that mature human basophUs synthesize and release IL-4. For optimal secretion, priming with IL-3 for 18-48 h before activation with anti-IgE was required, although low amounts of IL-4 were occasionally detected following incubation with either IL-3 or anti-IgE alone. No spontaneous IL-4 production was detected, and other cytokines known to enhance basophil mediator release, namely IL-5, GM-CSF and nerve growth factor (NGF),... 

IL-5 also enhances the expression of IL-2R on B cells and stimulates basophils. Proeosinophilic and/or proallergic Th2 cytokines, originally described as T lymphocyte products, have been ascribed to mast cells as weU, and these cells are probably analogous to T cells in the requirement of costimuli for the production of IL-5 protein. Moreover, the rapid kinetics of IgE-mediated IL-5 transcription and protein elaboration are consistent with a primary role for mast cell activation, directly leading to late phase airway eosinophilia. ... 

IL-9 is a T-celi growth factor that acts in synergy with other cytokines (with IL-2, it causes proliferation of T cells and with IL-4, it promotes IgE and IgG synthesis by plasma-cytes). However, it supports the growth of some Th2 T-cell clones in the absence of IL-2 or IL-4. It has also been found to enhance the proliferative action of IL-3 on mast ceE progenitors, to augment basophil proliferation and ery-throid colony formation, and to stimulate the proliferation of megakaryoblastic leukemia... 

Promotes chemotaxis and granule release by neutrophils, basophils, T cells Mitogenic for myeloid cells, supports antigen-independent growth of helper T cells Inhibits interferon secretion, induces thymocyte proliferation in presence of other IL s, inhibits Thl cytokine production Induction of synthesis of acute phase proteins, enhances stimulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation by IL-3 and T-cell development of B cells Activates NK cells, stimulates production of IFN-a by Thl cells... 

Platelet-activating factor (PAE) is a glyceride-derived substance that is released by mast cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and other cells but not by basophils. It has potent bron-choconstrictor effects and also causes platelet aggregation and lysis. It attracts neutrophils and causes their activation. Also, PAE enhances vascular permeability and can cause pain, pruritus, and erythema. 

Promotes dopamine uptake, survival and differentiation of midbrain neurons improves bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability Stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages promotes prohferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells inhibits neutrophil migration enhances the functional activities of the mature end-cells increases the recovery rate of hematopoietic cells after bone marrow transplantation Chemoattracts and activates neutrophils and basophils... 

Ida S, Hooks JJ, Siraganian RP, Notkins AL (1980) Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by immunespecific lymphokines. Clin Exp Immunol 41 380... 

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