Triorganotin compounds

Table 5. Physical Properties of Commercially Important Triorganotin Compounds ...

Rea.ctlons, The utility of triorganotin chlorides and their appHcation as starting materials for most other triorganotin compounds results from the ease of nucleophile displacement, as indicated in Figure 1. The commercially important triorganotin compounds are most frequendy the oxides or hydroxides, the duotides, and the carboxylates. 

Triorganotin compounds have also been used experimentally in controUed-release formulations to control the infective snail vector in the debiHtating tropical disease schistosomiasis (biHiarzia) and to control mosquitoes in stagnant ponds (103). As yet, the large-scale use of such methods has Htfle support in the host third world countries where these problems are most severe. Tributyltin chloride has been used to confer rodent-repeUent properties on wine and cable coatings (104). 

Preparation ndMa.nufa.cture. Monoorganotin haHdes are the basic raw materials for all other triorganotin compounds and are generally prepared by Kocheshkov redistribution from the tetraorganotin, eg, tetrabutyltin or the higher organotin haHdes ... 

If the ligand X2 in a pentacoordinate triorganotin compound is potentially bidentate, such as the anion of l,3-diphenyl-l,3-propanedione or ofiV-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine, the tin atom is constrained to a cis-RsSnXj type of geometry, e.g., the triphenylstannyl derivatives of... 

These transient polymeric chains resulting from dipole-dipole interactions are responsible for the increase in solvent viscosity which is asymptotic above a certain concentration. The structure dependence of both solubility and viscosity in triorganotin compounds is known (1,2,3). For example, trimethyl and tripropyltin fluorides are insoluble in most organic solvents while the bulky trineophyltin fluoride (4) dissolves in many solvents but does not increase their viscosity. 

Toxicity of selected diorganotin and triorganotin compounds to zoeae of the marine mud crab (Rithropanopeus harrisii) exposed from hatching to age 14 days... 

Figure 8.1 Environmental degradation scheme tor tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds. (Modified from Smith, P.J. 1978b. Structure/Activity Relationships for Di- and Triorganotin Compounds. I.T.R.I. Rep. 569. 16 pp. Avail, from International Tin Research Institute, Greenford, Middlesex, U.K. and Eisler, R. 1989. Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.15). 83 pp.

Table 8.9 Toxicity of Selected Diorganotin and Triorganotin Compounds to Zoeae of the Marine Mud Crab (Rithropanopeus harrisii) Exposed from Hatching to Age 14 Days...

Laughlin, R.B., Jr. 1987. Quantitative structure-activity studies of di- and triorganotin compounds. Pages 198-206 in K.L.E. Kaiser (ed.). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology — II. D. Reidel Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 

Smith, P.J. 1978b. Structure/Activity Relationships for Di- and Triorganotin Compounds. I.T.R.I. Rep. 569. 16 pp. Avail, from International Tin Research Institute, Greenford, Middlesex, U.K. 

Snoeij, N.J., A.A.J. Van Iersel, A.H. Penninks, and W. Seinen. 1985. Toxicity of triorganotin compounds comparative in vivo studies with a series of trialkyltin compounds and triphenyltin chloride in male rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81 2 4-286. 

Triorganotin compounds, in particular tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) have been introduced directly into the environment as pesticides and... 

The difference in partitioning behaviour of triorganotin compounds has implications for their toxic effects [239,240]. The surface-active triphenyltin... 

Hunziker, R. W., Escher, B. I. and Schwarzenbach, R. P. (2002). Acute toxicity of triorganotin compounds different specific effects on the energy metabolism and role of pH, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1191-1197. 

Looser, P. W., Fent, K., Berg, M., Goudsmit, G.-H. and Schwarzenbach, R. P. (2000). Uptake and elimination of triorganotin compounds by larval midge Chironomus riparius in the absence and presence of Aldrich humic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5165-5171. 

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