Bases Calcium acetate

Hyperphosphatemia is generally benign and rarely needs aggressive therapy. Dietary restriction of phosphate and protein is effective for most minor elevations. Phosphate binders such as aluminum-based antacids, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate (PhosLo , Nabi), sevelamer (Renagel , Genzyme), and lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol , Shire) may be necessary for some patients.43 If patients exhibit findings of hypocalcemia (tetany), IV calcium should be administered empirically. 

Concentration limits for chloride and acetate in PN typically are linked to limitations for sodium and potassium. The usual ratio of chloride acetate in PN is about 1 1 to 1.5 1. Chloride and acetate primarily play a role in acid-base balance. Acetate is converted to bicarbonate at a 1 1 molar ratio. This conversion appears to occur mostly outside the liver. Bicarbonate never should be added to or coinfused with PN solutions. This can lead to the release of carbon dioxide and potentially result in the formation of calcium or magnesium carbonate (very insoluble salts). 

Calcium acetate [CalCH COOl H O] is used as a food additive and a mordant to flx dyes in the textile industry. It is used as an alkali (base) in the manufacture of soaps, to improve some lubricants, and as an antimold to preserve baked goods for a longer shelf life. 

The ester function was determined by alkaline hydrolysis followed by precipitating the liberated acids as calcium salts. In the present work, samples of 1-1.5 grams were added to 50 ml. of 0.2N aqueous sodium hydroxide and refluxed with continuous stirring under nitrogen for 18-24 hours. After hydrolysis the samples were titrated to a pH of 9 with hydrochloric acid. Then 15 ml. of IN calcium acetate was added, and the sample was stirred rapidly under a stream of nitrogen for 1 hour. The suspension of calcium salt was filtered, washed with dilute base until free of excess calcium acetate as determined by titration with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and dried under a stream of nitrogen. Calcium was determined on the dried product. 

Salts Compounds formed by the union of acids and bases, by the action of alkalies upon metals, or by the direct union of elements. The term is often incorporated in the common name of salts used as pharmaceuticals bitter salts, epsom salt, or Seidlitz salt (magnesium sulfate), preparing salt (sodium stannate), Preston s salts (ammonium chloride), Rochelle salt or Seignette s salt (potassium and ammonium tartrate), salt of Mars (ferrous sulfate), salt of Saturn (lead acetate), salt of tartar (potassium carbonate), salt of tin (stannous chloride), salt of wisdom (mercury bichloride and ammonium chloride), sore-throat salt (fused potassium nitrate), vinegar salts (calcium acetate), and vomiting salt (zinc sulfate). The term is also applied to some acids, such as salt of lemon or sour salt (citric acid), salt of sorrel (oxalic acid), and spirit of salt (muriatic acid). ... 

Based on sedimentation equilibrium data. 6 Based on gel-permeation chromatographic data (Bio Gel P-60 and P-100).c In the presence of calcium acetate (2 mM). d Based on gel-permeation chromatographic data (Sephadex G-75). 

Several problems are inherent in this method, so the results should be considered as quite operational (Dubach et al., 1964 van Dijk, 1966 Stevenson and Goh, 1972 Holtzclaw and Sposito, 1979 Perdue, 1979 Perdue et al., 1980). First, unlike the barium hydroxide reagent used for total acidity, 0. IM calcium acetate is poorly buffered. The equilibrium pH, which determines the extent to which the acidic functional groups of humic substances will react, is dependent on the amount of humic substances added to the 50 mL of calcium acetate. Perdue et al. (1980) demonstrate that the binding of Ca to the humic substance sample displaces additional protons that do not react if sodium acetate or pyridine is used as the exchange base. It cannot be assumed that those excess protons are derived exclusively from carbbXyr groups. 

The hydrolytic acidity is the ability of the soil to change the pH of salts split by hydrolysis. This represents the ability of the soil to bind a strong base and to release an equivalent amount of a weak acid. For determining the hydrolytic acidity, a salt of weak acid and strong base is used (sodium acetate or calcium acetate) the following reaction occurs ... 

A. Sugino, C. Ohtsuki, T. Miyazaki, In vivo response of bioactive PMMA-based bone cement modified with alkoxysilane and calcium acetate, J. Biomater. Appl. 23 (3) (2008) 213-228. 

While acetone would serve as a source of ketene in a number of locations, the acetic acid dehydration would predominate and the acetic acid based ketene process is still widely practiced at the start of the 2r century. While acetone had some attractive features, particularly the generation of an inert co-product (methane) rather than reactive water which can destroy ketene, there are some sound reasons the acetic acid process predominated. First, let s recall that during the period 1910-1920, representing the time these processes were introduced, acetone was still made from calcium acetate, so acetone was obtained, at the time, in a two step process from acetic acid. The choice of acetic acid skipped two steps and eliminated wastes. 

Grosshardt et al. prepared a series of furan based polyesters, by reacting FDCA dimethyl ester with 1,3-propanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol and 1,18-octadecanediol, using calcium acetate and antimony(III) oxide as catalysts [47]. Molecular weights and thermal properties were determined for all polyesters and are summarized in Table 9.6. 

The potential of advanced synthesis techniques to develop CaO-based sorbents stabilized by a support material has been demonstrated recently by Broda et al. [74] who synthesized AhOs-stabilized CO2 sorbents by employing a sol-gel technique. Here, aluminium iso-propoxide was added to reverse osmosis water (15 Mf2 cm) and allowed to hydrolyse for 30 min at 75 °C. Subsequently, a calcium precursor, i.e. calcium acetate hydrate (Ca(CH300)2-H20), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(N03)2-4H20) or calcium acetylacetonate (Ca(CsH702)), was dissolved in water and, together with an acid (either acetic or nitric acid), added... 

Carboxyl group content is determined either by potentiometric titration of humic material or by calcium acetate titration. Calcium acetate method overestimates carboxyl content by at least 10%. Potentiometric titration of humic substances (pH 2.8) in 0.1 mol 1 KCl with a base up to pH 10 yields more precise values for carboxyl content. C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (solid and liquid) can also be used for carboxyl determination. The results obtained are comparable to potentiometric titration. 

Measurement of carboxyl groups by direct titration or by partition methods based on calcium acetate, silver phenolates, or methylene blue. 

In 1935, Dakin and West reported a different method of fractionating Cohn s fraction G (22). A preliminary purification was obtained by treating the extract with calcium acetate or chloride in 75-80 per cent alcoholic solution, the active material appearing in the filtrate. The active material was precipitable by Reinecke salt in acid solution. In the regeneration of such a precipitate, the bulk of the Reinecke acid was separated from a weak alcoholic solution of the active material as the sparingly soluble salt of a tertiary base—e.g., dimethyl aniline. The small amoimt of additional unprecipitable Reinecke acid was removed with solvents such as amyl alcohol w hich did not remove the active material. These procedures were carried out at virtually neutral reaction. The steps involved in the preparation described are diagrammed in Table III. 

Solution Process. With the exception of fibrous triacetate, practically all cellulose acetate is manufactured by a solution process using sulfuric acid catalyst with acetic anhydride in an acetic acid solvent. An excellent description of this process is given (85). In the process (Fig. 8), cellulose (ca 400 kg) is treated with ca 1200 kg acetic anhydride in 1600 kg acetic acid solvent and 28—40 kg sulfuric acid (7—10% based on cellulose) as catalyst. During the exothermic reaction, the temperature is controlled at 40—45°C to minimize cellulose degradation. After the reaction solution becomes clear and fiber-free and the desired viscosity has been achieved, sufficient aqueous acetic acid (60—70% acid) is added to destroy the excess anhydride and provide 10—15% free water for hydrolysis. At this point, the sulfuric acid catalyst may be partially neutralized with calcium, magnesium, or sodium salts for better control of product molecular weight. 

Dichlorides and e2thers are the main by-products in this reaction. Treatment with base produces propylene oxide. Specialty epoxides, eg, butylene oxide, are also produced on an industrial scale by means of HOCl generated from calcium hypochlorite and acetic acid followed by dehydrohalogenation with base. 

Cowan Teeter (1944) reported a new class of resinous substances based on the zinc salts of dimerized unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and oleic acid. The latter is referred to as dimer acid. Later, Pellico (1974) described a dental composition based on the reaction between zinc oxide and either dimer or trimer acid. In an attempt to formulate calcium hydroxide cements which would be hydrolytically stable, Wilson et al. (1981) examined cement formation between calciimi hydroxide and dimer acid. They found it necessary to incorporate an accelerator, alimiiniiun acetate hydrate, Al2(OH)2(CHgCOO)4.3H2O, into the cement powder. 

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