Lanthanum carbonates

Lanthanum is a naturally occurring trivalent rare earth element (atomic number 57). Lanthanum carbonate quickly dissociates in the acidic environment of the stomach, where the lanthanum ion binds to dietary phosphorus, forming an insoluble compound that is excreted in the feces. Lanthanum has been shown to remove more than 97% of dietary phosphorus... 

Hyperphosphatemia is generally benign and rarely needs aggressive therapy. Dietary restriction of phosphate and protein is effective for most minor elevations. Phosphate binders such as aluminum-based antacids, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate (PhosLo , Nabi), sevelamer (Renagel , Genzyme), and lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol , Shire) may be necessary for some patients.43 If patients exhibit findings of hypocalcemia (tetany), IV calcium should be administered empirically. 

Patients with end-stage renal disease hyperphosphatemia ineffectively filter excess phosphate that enters the body in the normal diet.278 Elevated phosphate produces the bone disorder renal osteodystrophy. Skeletal deformity may occur, possibly associated with cardiovascular disease. Calcium deposits may further build up around the body and in blood vessels creating further health risks. The use of lanthanum carbonate is being promoted as an alternative to aluminum-based therapies.279,280 Systemic absorption, and cost have produced a clinical candidate, Fosrenol (AnorMED), an intriguing use of a lanthanide compound in therapy. 

K/DOQI guidelines recommend that elemental calcium from calcium-containing binders should not exceed 1,500 mg/day and the total daily intake from all sources should not exceed 2,000 mg. This may necessitate combination of calcium- and noncalcium-containing products (e.g., sevel-amer HCL, lanthanum carbonate). 

Lanthanum carbonate Fosrenol 250, 500, 750, 1,000 Increase or decrease by 250- 250-500 mg three times a day First-line agent... 

Cilostazol (Pletal) Drotrecogin Alfa (Xigris) Eculizumab (Soliris) Lanthanum Carbonate (Fosrenol)... 

Lanthanum Carbonate (Fesrenol) [Renal GU Agent/ Phosphate Binder] Uses Hyperphosphatemia in renal Dz Action Phosphate binder Dose 750-1500 mg PO daily -5- doses, w/ or immediately after meal titrate q2-3wk based on P04 levels Caution [C, /-] No data in GI Dz Disp Chew tabs SE NA, graft occlusion, HA, BP EMS N/V is common, monitor for hypovolemia and electrolyte disturbances OD May cause extension of nl SEs symptomatic and supportive... 

The hydroxide absorbs CO2 from air forming lanthanum carbonate ... 

Lanthanum Carbonate Chewable tablet For the treatment of hyperphosphatemia... 

Abstract. A carbon electrode covered with lanthanum carbonate is proposed to synthesize metallofullerenes of the La Cn row. Application of the electrode allows La Cn production with the yield of ca. 0.5% of the Cgo amount. No unfavorable changes in total yield of Mlerenes, amount of cathode deposit and arc parameters are observed. 

The composite electrode was prepared from 100x4x6 graphite rods. Lanthanum carbonate was applied to the rod surface from aqueous suspension, dried at room temperature, mounted into a reactor (Fig. 1) and kept for 8-10 h in residual gas (10 2 Pa) and helium under DC of 50-70 A. To perform arc discharge process helium pressure, voltage and DC were maintained within the ranges of 2 104-3 104 Pa, 20-25 V and 100-150 A, respectively. 

Experiments with lanthanum carbonate content of 0.75 and 2 % (Fig. 3) do not fit into the simple functional relationship. The phenomenon may be rationalized by the non-linear nature of the non-equilibrium systems [5, 6]. So the different stationary states in the arc and gas streams within the reactor appear. As a result, two various relationships between the Cgo yield and lanthanum content (Fig. 3 a) are found. 

Application of the electrode covered with lanthanum carbonate not only simplifies preparation procedure but also increases the metallofullerenes yield. Coverage of electrode surface with lanthanum carbonate does not change the C60/C70 ratio and to some extent increase the total yield of fullerenes. Amount of cathode deposit suffers no changes also. 

FIGURE 1 Laser-vaporization supersonic cluster-beam time-of-flight mass spectrum of various lanthanum-carbon clusters. LaCeo is seen as an enhanced (magic number) peak. 

La2C3H160l7 lanthanum carbonate octahydrate 6487-39-4 25.00 2 6000 1 2446 Mg2Ge magnesium germanide 1310-52-7 25.00 3.0900 1... 

Available bone biopsy data in dialysis patients treated for up to 4 years with lanthanum carbonate indicate low-level bone deposition, the highest concentration ever measured in any patient being 9.4 pg/ g (0.067 pmol/L). Unlike aluminium, no direct effects of lanthanum on bone have been reported so far in any clinical or experimental setting [37-39]. Ultrastructural localization demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution of lanthanum in the bone of rats and man, which was independent of the underlying type of renal osteodystrophy [40]. 

PennickM, Dennis K, Damment SJ. Absolute bioavailability and disposition of lanthanum in healthy human subjects administered lanthanum carbonate. JC/ n Pharmacol2006 46 738-746. 

D Haese PC, Spasovski GB, Sikole A, Hutchison A, FreemontTJ, Sulkova S, Swanepoel C, Pejanovic S, Djukanovic L, Balducci A, Coen G, Sulowicz W, Ferreira A, Torres A, Curie S, Popovic M, Dimkovic N, De Broe ME. A multicenter study on the effects of lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003 85 (Suppi) ... 

Behets GJ, Dams G, Vercauteren SR, Damment SJ, Bouillon R, De Broe ME, D Haese PC. Does the phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate affect bone in rats with chronic renal faWure JAm SocNephrol 2004 15 2219-2228. 

Behets GJ, Verberckmoes SC, Oste L, Bervoets AR, Salome M, Cox AG, Denton J, De Broe ME, D Haese PC. Localization of lanthanum in bone of chronic renal failure rats after oral dosing with lanthanum carbonate. K/dney/nf 2005 67 1830-1836. 

Altmann P, Barnett ME, Finn WE SPD405-307 Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group. Cognitive function in Stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis noadverseeffectsoflanthanumcarbonatecompared with standard phosphate-bindertherapy. Kidney Int 2007 71 252-259. 

The structures of three of the compounds have been determined they show essentially octahedral coordination of the lanthanide with bond angles around 90°. Average lanthanum-carbon distances are 2.563(18) A (Ho) 2.57(2) A (Er), and 2.53(2)A (Lu). More complicated lanthanide methyl species have been synthesized by another route, involving reaction of main-group methyls, Lewis acids, with lanthanide alkoxides " and amides, " a process of the type implicated in the lanthanide-catalyzed polymerization of conjugated dienes... 

Derivation Treatment of lanthanum carbonates or oxides with hydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen chloride. 

---