Salt-splitting

Thisis commonly referred to as a salt splitting reaction. The resin s selectivity for Na" is greater than it is for H". Anions are removed in a similar manner with an anion-exchange resin. 

The hydroxide form is also used in salt splitting appHcations. 

Demineralization by SAC(H)/SBA(OH) Removes virtually all TDS, including carbon dioxide and silica. The TDS in treated water is normally below 2 to 4 ppm. Conductivity is below 10 to 15 pS/cm, but this depends on the degree of sodium slip from the cation. Any slip is converted to sodium hydroxide in the anion unit (salt splitting), causing a sharp increase in conductivity and increased silica solubility. The lack of a degasser drains the anion unit capacity and requires increased caustic for regeneration. 

Chemistries such as gasification, carboxylation, carbonylation, partial oxidation, and salt splitting may see much greater emphasis in manufacturing. These chemistries will need concurrent development of more selective catalytic and biocatalytic systems and promoters, as well as processes requiring much less ex-... 

Scheme 9. Simplified flow scheme of an integrated SVP process, combining salt splitting and C102 synthesis [225]...

Three different electrolytic approaches to salt splitting are competing with each other on the market [50], Fig. 30. 

Fig. 30. Two compartment (A) and three-compartment (B) cell for salt splitting [135] A.S.M. = anion selective membrane C.S.M. = cation selective membrane...

Fig. 32. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis of NaA to HA and NaOH ( salt splitting ) [270]...

Fig. 34. Modified sodium sulfate salt splitting process for the production of both ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide [13, 264-266]...

Genders D, Hartsough D, Thompson J, Novel approaches to salt splitting, in ref (45a)... 

L-Lactic acid Lactobacillus 210gL- , 140,0001 year" yield >90% More than 100-m scale recovery of lactic acid by salt splitting technology [21,22, 31]... 

Acrylic This resin is manufactured from a copolymer of acrylic or methacrylic acid with divinylbenzene (Figure 4.10). The result is a weak acid ion-exchange resin with -COOH groups that have very little salt splitting capacity, but are very effective in removing Ca2+ and similar ions under alkaline conditions. 

C. Carmen, Bipolar Membrane Pilot Performance in Sodium Chloride Salt Splitting, Desalination Water Reuse 4, 46 (1994). 

Resin lonogenic groups Total capacity (meq/g) Salt-splitting capacity (meq/g) Loss in capacity on heating with water (%) Ref. 

Production of highly generated ion-exchange resins Salt splitting of NaCl KCl conversion... 

Kurath DE, Brooks KP, HoUenberg GW, Sutija DP, Landro T, and Balagopal S. Caustic recycle from high-salt nuclear wastes using a ceramic-membrane salt-splitting process. Sep Purif Technol 1997 ll(Suppl. 3) 185-198. 

Wakelin SH, Allen J, Wojnarowska F. Drug-induced bullous pemphigoid with dermal fluorescence on salt-split skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1996 7 266. 

Salt splitting capacity is a value sometimes used to describe the strongly functional component only of a resin s total capacity. The term is usually reserved for strongly basic anion exchangers where it is identical to the value for strong base capacity or for weakly acidic cation exchange resins in which case it is a measure of the usually low capacity for the exchange of neutral cations. 

In chemistry and biochemistry, a dissociation constant is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions. The dissociation constant is often also denoted as Kj and is the inverse ofthe affinity constant. In the special case of salts, the dissociation constant can also be called ionization constant. 

Strong-acid exchangers can also convert neutral salts into their corresponding acids if operated in the hydrogen cycle which is a process known as salt splitting (weak-acid resins cannot do this) [4]. 

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