Baroclinic

Ashurst, Wm. T., Flame propagation along a vortex The baroclinic push, Combustion Science and Technology, 112, 175-185,1996. 

Ghomiak, J. and Zhou, G., A numerical study of large amplitude baroclinic instabilities of flames, Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 883-889,1996. 

Fig. 7 Some peculiar morphologies observed for crew-cut micelles. Baroclinic tubes (a). Tube-walled vesicles (b). Large compound micelles insert shows their internal structure (c) and interconnected tubules or plumber nightmare (d) (images downloaded from http //ottomaass.chem.mcgill.ca/groups/eisenberg/). Adapted from [35]...

By decomposing the vorticity into a mean Zj and a fluctuation u, the mean baroclinic generation terms are... 

Vertical transport and gravitational circulation in estuaries are influenced by both stratification and turbulent mixing, which result from the destabilizing forces of tides and/or wind processes. Under highly stratified conditions, two-layered flow is largely determined by the interaction of baroclinic and barotropic forcing. 

Baroclinic atmospheric condition when isobaric and constant-density surfaces are not parallel in a baroclinically stratified fluid total potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy. 

JEBAR Joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief... 

In the zone of the MRC, the proportions of the contributions of the mean motion and of the synoptic and inertial variabilities to the total kinetic energy were 50 40 10, which is close to the estimates based on the data of moored buoy observations (see above). Thus, in the Black Sea, the relative contribution of the kinetic energy of synoptic fluctuations is sixfold lower than in the World Ocean. In the opinion of the authors of [25], this may be related to the small sizes of the sea and to the correspondingly high ratio R /L, where llL is the baroclinic Rossby radius and L is the half-width of the basin. In the Black Sea, R /L = 0.1, while in the World Ocean R /L = 0.01. At R /L > 1, no baroclinic mechanism for eddy formation cross section be implemented. 

An analysis of the recent observation data [30,31] shows that baroclinic Rossby waves that are generated off the eastern coasts in the northern parts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in a period of about a year represent their dominant non-stationary dynamical response to the annual cycle of the atmospheric forcing in the latitudinal range from 10-15° to 45-50°N. In so doing, their mean phase velocities (0.02-0.03 ms 1 at 40-45°N) are higher than the theoretical values (about 0.01 ms-1). A similar situation is observed in the Black Sea as well [27]. In [32], several reasons of this phenomenon were listed such as the interaction with more large-scale non-stationary processes, topographic and nonlinear effects, and insufficient duration and spatiotemporal resolution of the observation data. 

In the 1960s, the start of application of computers to the practice of marine research gave a pulse to the development of numerical diagnostic hydrodynamic models [33]. In them, the SLE (or the integral stream function) field is calculated from the three-dimensional density field in the equation of potential vorticity balance over the entire water column from the surface to the bottom. The iterative computational procedure is repeated until a stationary condition of the SLE (or the integral stream function) is reached at the specified fixed density field. Then, from equations of momentum balance, horizontal components of the current vector are obtained, while the continuity equation provides the calculations of the vertical component. The advantage of this approach is related to the absence of the problem of the choice of the zero surface and to the account for the coupled effect of the baroclinicity of... 

The main result of study [48] is the inference that the principal features of the BSGC and its seasonal variability are generated under the action of the relative wind vorticity. The particular baroclinicity of the Black Sea related... 

The actual variability in the heat and moisture fluxes almost does not influence the BSGC [48]. In addition, the former flux suppresses the effect of wind forcing. The weakness of the abyssal currents in the Black Sea results in a decrease in the efficiency of the their interaction with the bottom relief (JEBAR) that generates additional relative vorticity and BSGC energy. One more result of the particular baroclinicity of the Black Sea is the weakness of the vertical water circulation, which, with respect to the integral mass transport, is 25 times lower than that of the horizontal BSGC. 

Demyshev SG, Korotaev GK (1992) Numerical energy-balanced model of baroclinic currents in no-flat-bottom ocean on C-grid. In Numerical models and results of calibration calculation of the Atlantic Ocean currents. INM RAS, Moscow, p 163... 

A large long-living anticydonic eddy centered at 43°N and 34°E, in the area between the western and eastern cyclonic gyres (approximately abeam the southern extreme of the Crimea), was detected by the hydrographic survey of 1984 [6]. It was formed in September 1984 as a result of coalescence of two other anticyclones formed owing to baroclinic instability of the RC and to detachment of its meanders in the north (from the Crimean coast) and in the south (from the Turkish coast near Sinop). Its diameter exceeded 100 km, the maximum of the orbital geostrophic velocity was 25-45 cm/s, and the rate of the westward displacement was about 1 cm/s. Density and salinity anomalies related to this eddy were traced down to a depth of 1000 m and temperature anomalies were followed down to 300 m. 

One can find one more manifestation of the intra-annual evolution of the fields shown in Fig. 8 in the displacement and changes in the intensities of the local salinity extremes—the central maximums and the near-shore min-imums. The most distinct change is the westward displacement of the central salinity maximums occurring from February to May (see Fig. 8a,b) with the formation of a common maximum centered at 32° E in August (see Fig. 8c). The August salinity field at the 100-m level is characterized by an alternation of minimums and maximums from the east to the west with a wavelength of 350-400 km, well known as Knipovich s spectacles [2-4], With respect to their sizes, directions, and phase shift rates, they correspond to mid-latitude baroclinic Rossby waves [22,23]. 

Fj rtoft, R. (1950). Application of integral theorems in deriving criteria of stability for laminar flows and for baroclinic circular vortex. Geofys. Publ. Oslo 17(6), 1-51. 

My second question is did you speculate at all on the likely consequences of the baroclinicity which would be established between the marine and the continental areas — that would probably be quite large. 

---