Gravitational circulation

Vertical transport and gravitational circulation in estuaries are influenced by both stratification and turbulent mixing, which result from the destabilizing forces of tides and/or wind processes. Under highly stratified conditions, two-layered flow is largely determined by the interaction of baroclinic and barotropic forcing. 

Gravitational circulation circulation of air and water masses driven primarily by differences in density. 

Wilson, R. E. (1976). Gravitational circulation in Long Island Sound. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 4, 443-453. 

Bomb products, rocket reentry bumup products, meteoritic dust, and other trace constituents will be redistributed rapidly within the mesosphere by large scale circulation, by eddy diffusion and, for particles of significant size, by gravitational sedimentation as well (1). Murgatroyd and Singleton (32) discuss the circulation of the mesosphere and indicate a meridional pattern, with ascent over the summer pole, descent over the winter pole, and a well defined flow from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere above 50 km., with speeds of the order of meters sec."1 horizontally and cm. sec."1 vertically. 

The V may be interpreted as a gravitational potential, velocity potential or, in the present context, as a circulation potential. The differential equation may be solved by separation of the variables under the assumption that the potential may be defined as the product of three one-dimensional potentials, or cartesian components of V = X (x) -Y(y) Z(z). This solution is substituted into the equation and after differentiation, divided by V, to give... 

When stirred in an unbaffled vessel, fluid begins to circulate and a vortex is formed. The question whether gravitational acceleration, g, and hence the Froude number, Fr = n2 d/g, plays a role under these circumstances can be... 

The distribution of chemical components within the ocean is determined by both transportation and transformation processes. A brief outline of oceanic circulation is necessary to ascertain the relative influences. Two main flow systems must be considered. Surface circulation is established by tides and the prevailing wind patterns and deep circulation is determined by gravitational forces. Both are modified by Coriolis force, the acceleration due to the earth s rotation. It acts to deflect moving fluids i.e., both air and water) to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The magnitude of the effect is a function of latitude, being nil at the equator and increasing poleward. 

The pressure drop created between capillaries in evaporation and condensation zones forces the liquid upward, so that in each dodecahedral cell circulation of liquid and gas as well as pressure drops APf and APg occur. Due to gravitation, hydrostatic pressure AP acts in each cell. Therefore, the suction effect of capillaries is... 

There are various explanations, backed by animal studies, for this complication. When there is obstruction to the normal outflow of blood from the aorta, there is an increased risk that the contrast agent will be diverted into the spinal circulation. This effect can be aided by a gravitational factor if the examination is performed with the patient in the supine position. 

The sedimentation velocity in the centrj uge ( t 16000 rpm) was found to be between 0.4 and 2 x 10 sec or calculated terminal velocity in a gravitation field between 0.1 and 1 cm/year. Circulation of an ink through a magnetic ink jet printer in the presence of a magnetic field did not show agglomeration. 

Hydrological Gravitational water flows Water and atmosphere circulation Sedimentation, suspensions Thermal water and gas flows Evaporation, condensation, precipitation Chemical, density-driven currents Chemical stratification of waters Evaporative mixing Chemical potential-driven flows, diffusion... 

Two solutions having the same solvent are contained m a vessel and separated one from the other by a semi-permeable membrane The space above contains the vapour together with an inert gas whose pressure is A The vessel is supposed to he m a region free from gravitational action Then it is obvious that if the osmotic pressures be equal, but the vapour pressures be different, a circulation must ensue which will upset the initial osmotic equilibnuro in such a direction as... 

---