Anomaly temperature

Spencer, R. W., and Christy, J. R. (1992). Precision and Radiosonde Validation of Satellite Gridpoint Temperature Anomalies, Part 11 A Tropospheric Retrieval and Trends during 1979-90. Jonmai ofChmute 5 858-866. 

Myneni, R. B., Los, S. O. and Tucker, C. J. (1996). Satellite-based identification of linked vegetation index and sea surface temperature anomaly areas from 1982-1990 for Africa, Australia and South America, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 729-732. 

The presence of a lithosphere with a thickness up to 100 km above the plume head obscures observations that could be made in terms of heat flow, gravity field or seismic structure. Establishing the temperature and flow fields beneath a hotspot thus becomes a difficult exercise. Several key parameters (Fig. 2) are poorly constrained and mostly result from theoretical fluid dynamics model, which underlines their large uncertainty. The temperature anomaly within the hotspot region is generally estimated to be approximately 200 100°C with large uncertainties (Shilling 1991 Sleep 1990). These temperature anomalies will induce smaller densities in the plume and the flux of the density anomalies is called buoyancy flux as defined in (Sleep 1990) ... 

Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa, 2001. Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records, http //cdiac.esd.oml.gov/trends/ temp/j one scru/j ones. html. 

Meza FJ, Wilks DS (2004) Use of seasonal forecasts of sea surface temperature anomalies for potato fertilization management. Theoretical study considering EPIC model results at Valdivia. Chile Agr Syst 82 161-180... 

Increases in global surface temperatures, (a) Time trends reflecting annual and 5-year means. Also shown are dates of large volcanic eruptions and (b) geographic trends based on mean values for the period 2001 to 2005 AD. Temperature anomalies are the temperature differences for a given year or location relative to a base mean value for that year or location. The base period is 1951-1980 AD. Source-. After Hansen, J., et al. (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 14288-14293. (See companion website for color version.)... 

FIGURE 14-56 Temperature anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the 1881-1960 mean, calculated based on measured changes in tree ring densities. The 95% confidence limit is i0.3°C. The line shows bidecadal smoothed levels. Arrows on the lower axis mark some of the major volcanic eruptions (adapted from Briffa et al., 1998). 

FIGURE 14.57 Global average temperature anomaly (AT) for land and sea surface measurements relative to the period from 1961 to 1990 (adapted from IPCC, 1996). 

FIGURE 14.58 Global nonurban annual average temperature anomalies for the (a) maximum temperature, (b) minimum temperature, and (c) diurnal range of temperatures from 1950 to 1993 for 4100 stations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (adapted from Easterling et at., 1997). 

Jones, P. D., D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies-Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997, in Trends A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1998 see Web site http //cdiac,esd.ornl.gov/ trends/ temp/ jonescru/jones.html. 

Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies— Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997 http // cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends /temp/jonescru / jones.html... 

Figure 1 shows some recent measurements by Frontas ev and Shrai-ber (60) of the index of refraction of water as a function of temperature. Anomalies near 30° and 55°-57°C. are particularly pronounced. The existence of anomalous temperature variations of the index of refraction was discussed earlier by Tilton and Taylor (see 31). 

In 1999 a band of maximum annual mean positive SAT anomalies stretched from the North American continent eastward across the Atlantic Ocean and the Eurasian continent toward the equatorial western sector of the Pacific Ocean. Minimum SAT anomalies were observed in a broad band of the central and northeastern region of the Pacific Ocean (including a decrease of SAT). Analysis of the observational data revealed the prevalence of positive temperature anomalies in many regions of the globe. The most vivid anomalous situations include both warming and cooling events (Scafetta et al., 2004). Here are some aspects of temperature variations in 1999 ... 

A large long-living anticydonic eddy centered at 43°N and 34°E, in the area between the western and eastern cyclonic gyres (approximately abeam the southern extreme of the Crimea), was detected by the hydrographic survey of 1984 [6]. It was formed in September 1984 as a result of coalescence of two other anticyclones formed owing to baroclinic instability of the RC and to detachment of its meanders in the north (from the Crimean coast) and in the south (from the Turkish coast near Sinop). Its diameter exceeded 100 km, the maximum of the orbital geostrophic velocity was 25-45 cm/s, and the rate of the westward displacement was about 1 cm/s. Density and salinity anomalies related to this eddy were traced down to a depth of 1000 m and temperature anomalies were followed down to 300 m. 

Figure 2.8 Temperature anomaly in type B thermocouple wire.

At temperatures say, below 70 K further relaxation processes occur. There, the frequency dependence of "(v) changes from a negative slope to a positive one. In this temperature range, thermally activated dynamics in asymmetric double-well potentials (ADWP) and, below 10 K, tunneling phenomena were discussed relating to the so-called low-temperature anomalies of glasses.27,30,31... 

---