Bottom relief

For untempered systems, it is/worthwhile considering the use of bottom venting (dumping), rather than relief from the top of the reactor, since this is likely, to require a smaller system. In either case, the safe disposal of,the vented material should be considered (see Chapter 11). Relief from the bottom of the reactor may be a poor option if a relief system is also-required at the topjof the reactor for other process reasons. Operation of the relief system at the top of the vessel would reduce the pressure available to remove ihe contents of the reactor via the bottom relief system. This is discussed further below. t f. . ... 

Relief from the bottom of ithe reactor is likely to maximise the rate of emptying of the reactor compared with relief from the top. However, if a top relief system (particularly via a bursting disc) or a process vent is also required, the pressure in the reactor is likely to be reduced and impair the efficiency of bottom relief.. ... 

SIZING METHODS FOR BOTTOM RELIEF (DUMPING) OF GASSY REACTIONS... 

Many computer simulation codes (see Annex 4 and 7.4.2) allow the option of specifying a bottom relief system. This can be particularly useful if the effects of simultaneous venting from the top of the reactor needs to be assessed, provided that the code selected contains this option. Again, it will usually be safe to assume liquid only flow if dumping occurs well before the maximum rate.. 

Size bottom relief system (see 8.4.1 and 7.5). Compare this option with top relief sized using method from this tree... 

Yesl is bottom relief (dumping) a viable option 7... 

As for gassy systems, it may be beneficial to provide bottom relief rather than relief from the top of the reactor, and use of a bursting disc may be preferable to a safety... 

Containment without any discharge to the atmosphere is one possibility. This may be either in the reactor itself (with a sufficiently high design pressure) or in a separate vessel with top or bottom relief from the reactor to the secondary containment vessel. If containment is not possible, a good strategy is to separate the gas/ vapour phase from the liquid phase. The liquid can then be held for subsequent recycle or disposal, and the gas/ vapour phase can be treated, e.g. by scrubbing or flaring, or vented direct to the atmosphere if sufficiently innocuous. 

COLOR FIGURE 7.20 Seafloor slump in the Blake-Bahama Ridge shown in both seismic (top) and cartoon (bottom) relief. (From Dillon, W.P., Nealon, J.W., Taylor, M.H., Lee, M.W., Drury, R.M., Anton, C.H., Natural Gas Hydrates Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection, (Pauli, C.K., Dillon, W.P., eds.) American Geophysical Union Monograph, 124, p. 41, Washington DC (2001). With permission.) Note the bottom simulating reflector parallel to the ocean bottom, except in the middle section where it appears a seafloor eruption has occurred. 

This section introduced a methodology to move from a verbal description of biocomplexity to its numerical representation. In future studies it will be necessary to take into consideration bottom relief, climate trends, ice field dynamics, detailed components of the trophic pyramid, bottom sediments, and the structure of currents. Also, it will be necessary to add to Formula (6.31) elements describing anthropogenic impacts on the ecosystem considered in a socio-economic sense. 

Fig. 1 Topography of the coasts and floor of the Black Sea. Bottom relief 1 shelf a accumulative, b abrasive 2 continental slope a accumulative, b stepwise 3 floor of the basin 4 continental footstep 5 underwater canyons 6 bars a sandy, b marginal 7 morphological boundaries a distinct, b fuzzy. Coast types 1 landslide 2 abrasive 3 abrasive-accumulative 4 accumulative 5 lagoonal 6 deltaic...

JEBAR Joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief... 

The actual variability in the heat and moisture fluxes almost does not influence the BSGC [48]. In addition, the former flux suppresses the effect of wind forcing. The weakness of the abyssal currents in the Black Sea results in a decrease in the efficiency of the their interaction with the bottom relief (JEBAR) that generates additional relative vorticity and BSGC energy. One more result of the particular baroclinicity of the Black Sea is the weakness of the vertical water circulation, which, with respect to the integral mass transport, is 25 times lower than that of the horizontal BSGC. 

Figure 5. 3D model of gamma-fields of bottom sediments and bottom relief in NS K-159 sinking area (area size 2.5-2.5 km, the submarine is located between the points indicated at the upper projection... 

The key factors contributing to water circulation in the Aral Sea are winds over the sea and bottom relief. Of certain significance are also the coastal configuration, inhomogeneous density of water, and spreading of river waters in the sea. 

Sheet-Drape Uniform, deep-marine deposition in-(Low dependent of bottom relief, uniform... 

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