Baltic

Amber. The hardest of all the resins, amber is stiU collected along the shores of the Baltic Sea. The pieces are poHshed to an attractive pale yeUow-to-dark brown stone and made into ornamental objects. 

The pyrolysis or carbonization of hardwoods, eg, beech, birch, or ash, in the manufacture of charcoal yields, in addition to gaseous and lighter Hquid products, a by-product tar in ca 10 wt % yield. Dry distillation of softwoods, eg, pine species, for the production of the so-called DD (destmctively distilled) turpentine yields pine tar as a by-product in about the same amount. Pine tar, also called Stockholm tar or Archangel tar, was at one time imported from the Baltic by European maritime countries for the treatment of cordage and ship hulls it was an important article of commerce from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The small amount produced in the late twentieth century is burned as a cmde fuel. Charcoal production from hardwoods, on the other hand, has increased in the 1990s years. 

Rfiine sediment, St. Lawrence and Tennessee Rivers, Great Lakes, Puget Sound, Rhode Island coast. North Sea, Baltic Sea... 

The waters through which ships travel are categorized by their salt content. The following are approximate values seawater, 3.0 to 4.0% salt coastal brackish water, 1.0 to 3.0% river brackish water, 0.5 to 1.8% salty river water, 0.05 to 0.5% river water, <0.05%. Seawater mainly contains NaCl. The salt content is approximately 1.8 times the chloride ion content. The salt content of the world s oceans is almost the same. Different salt contents can occur in more enclosed seas [e.g., the Adriatic (3.9%), Red Sea (4.1%) and the Baltic (1.0%)]. Table 17-1 gives as an example average analyses for seawater and the Rhine River. 

Siilivask, K. (1998) Europe, Science and the Baltic Sea, in Euroscientia Forum (European Commission, Brussels) p. 29. 

Purpur, m. purple, purpurblau, a. purple-blue. Purpureo-kobaltverbindung, /. purpureoco-baltic compound, cbloropentamminecobalt-(III) compound, -verbinduug, /. purpureo compound. 

The European windtnill diffused rapidly, especially along the Baltic and North Sea coasts. By the fourteenth centui y they had become a major source of power. Eventually, England had as many as 10,000 windmills, with comparable numbers in Holland, France, Germany, and Finland. In some areas of Holland one could find several hundred windmills in a few square miles. 

Local conditions may modify this profoundly in special areas. In the Arctic and Antarctic, and where there is dilution by large rivers, the salinity may be considerably less, and it may vary greatly according to season. Salinity is well below normal in the Baltic, and may fall nearly to zero at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. In enclosed seas like the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Red Sea, on the other hand, where there is rapid evaporation, salinity may reach 40 parts per thousand. The total salt content of the inland Dead Sea is 260 g/kg compared to 37 g/kg for the Atlantic Ocean. 

R. Truu, P. Kippasto, andE. Lust, Proc. Baltic Conf. on Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1996, p. 232. 

In another study conducted during 1983-85, fish from the Baltic Sea were found to contain 0.003-0.029 pg/kg of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Rappe et al. 1987). 

More recently, with the end of the Cold War, there has been a reduction in their stockpiles, in keeping with arms reduction treaties. At the same time, it has come to light that badly disposed canisters containing chemical weapons and originating from World War II are still around, for example, in some areas of the Baltic Sea. Thns, qnestions have been asked about their possible importance as environmental pollutants. 

Koistinen, J., Koivusaari, J., and Nuuja, I. et al. (1997). 2,3,7,8-TCDD eqnivalent in extracts of Baltic white-tailed sea eagles. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, 1533-1544. 

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