International Baltic Year

Anonymous, 1975. International Baltic Year 1969-1970, Data Vols. 1. ICES/SCOROceanographic Data Lists and Inventories, pp. 20-23. 

Kaiser, W., Schulz, S., 1973. Biologische Untersuchungen wahrend des Intemationalen Ostseejahres (International Baltic Year, IBY) 1969/70. Beitrage zur Meereskunde, 32, 9-31. 

The data collected in the BMP by the Baltic countries are stored in the HELCOM data center in Helsinki. The first international Assessment of the Effect of Pollution on the Natural Resources of the Baltic Sea was produced for HELCOM in 1980 (HELCOM, 1981). This assessment was based on national monitoring studies of the Baltic countries. Later, the BMP data served increasingly as a source for the Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea produced by HELCOM every 5 years (HELCOM, 1986,1990,1996,2001,2002). These periodic status reports form the basis for recommendations serving the protection and the restoration of the Baltic ecosystem (HELCOM, 1986, 1993,1996, cf. Nehring, 2001). Between the different periodic assessments, the... 

Without the pretence of being complete or representative, in Section 5.2 we report a number of typical mean seasonal cycles. They should suffice for certain basic estimates, but must be rendered more precisely for detailed studies. Typical averaging periods are the past 50 or 100 years, but this depends on the availability of the particular data. Since the water residence time of the entire Baltic region is about 30 years, climatic considerations should preferably be based on long-term series exceeding this internal timescale. In Section 5.3, we briefly consider certain trends observed in these data sets. Local trends may be different in summer or winter due to the seasonally different weather regimes over the Baltic Sea. 

Even if the deviations of the TACs from the scientifically recommended ones were significant and the implementation was in many cases reluctant and slow, must the IBSFC be regarded as a success in international cooperation, especially in the political environment of the cold war. And even now where most of the area is under EU jurisdiction is the implementation still not optimal (see ICES, 2006). In the past the implementation could have and nowadays could still be done two ways. The most straightforward measure would be to adhere strictly to the scientific recommendations and to improve significantly the control and enforcement. Second, in the more recent history, a complete ban on cod fishing in the eastern Baltic has been recommended by ICES for several years since the early 2000s, including 2006, but has not been implemented. 

By 1980, Neste was already in the international oil and chemical market. Ten years later, the business of the company expanded to the North Sea and the Middle East. Neste service stations appeared in the Baltic Sea region states. The petrochemicals joint venture with the Russian company - Gazprom - was created. 

Recently, offshore oil and gas fields have been explored in such arctic areas as in the Baltic Sea and off Alaska, buf cold region marine geotechnology requires further development. In response to this need the International S3unposium on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering has been held every year since 1981 wifh a session on Offshore Geofechnical Engineering. 

Baltic Sea. To keep the cables in tension, anchorage structures are placed on each side of the span below the deck. Additionally, 19 pillars carry the approach deck. Construction and subsequent operation has been done by A/S Storebaelt, which is a state-owned limited company. The price of bridges, tunnel, and approach motorways and railroads plus interest until the opening has been 51 billion DKR in 2008 prices (38 billion DKR, plus interest until opening for traffic of 13 billion DKR). The construction period was financed by state guaranteed loans on the international market, and pay back by tolls on traffic was stipulated to take 30 years, but has been cut shorter due to underestimates of traffic. 

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