Baltic Current

While estimating the Caspian gas prospects, the probable impact of the Russian gas sector should be taken into consideration. Also the Russian influence of the markets in the East and Central European Countries, Balkan, Turkey and South Caucasus should be taken into consideration. This includes long-term supply contracts and sometimes equity and management stakes in major supply entities. Currently Russia exports roughly 130 bcm/y of natural gas to Europe and 60-70 bcm to Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic and South Caucasian States. 

The concentrations of particulate manganese in the layer of its maximum in the central part of the Sea are usually about several tens or hundreds of nM [63,66,68]. They increase to 2-5 xM in the regions that are influenced by the Bosporus and to 1.5-2.0 xM in the connected with the Rim Current eddies [38,60,64]. According to our and other investigations in the Black Sea [60,69] and in the Gotland Deep in the Baltic Sea [70], the concentrations of particulate manganese (and iron) increase in the winter-spring period and decrease in summer. 

Jansson, B. O. (1997). The Baltic sea Current and future status and impact of agricrflture. Ambio 26, 424-431. 

OUikainen, M., and Honkatukia, J. (2001). Towards efficient pollution control in the Baltic Sea An anatomy of current failure with suggestions for change. Ambio 30, 245—253. 

From the above equation it follows that the surface salinity of the Baltic Sea is controlled by the ratio between the freshwater surplus and the sum of the stochastic salt fluxes normalized by the salinity difference between the Kattegat and the Arkona Sea surface water, see Fig. 2.6. The turbulent salt diffusivity k is a function of the geometry of the Belt Sea in terms of the length of the channel and the sill depth as well as of the spectrum of wind fluctuations determining the sea level difference between the Kattegat and the Arkona Sea and subsequently the barotropic current fluctuations in the Belt Sea. 

In contrast to the ocean, no significant permanent vertical component of the wind stress curl exists at the surface of the Baltic Sea since it is located entirely in one climate belt, namely the west wind belt. This implies that no permanent divergence of the Ekman transport in the open Baltic Sea and subsequently no up- or downwelling and hence no permanent geostrophic currents can be excited by the wind in the open Baltic Sea. 

In the Baltic Sea, the offshore scale for the transition of topography from the coast to the plain areas of the basins is commonly much larger than the baroclinic Rossby radius. Therefore, CTW can be used to analyze the dispersion and modal structure of sea level variations and quasi-geostrophic currents trapped at the basin rim. Some basins do not have well established plains, therefore, in these basins, the eigenvalue problem must be solved for the whole basin diameter, for example, the Eastern Gotland Basin. The CTW structures of both coasts splice each other in the center of the basin. Hence, CTWs are an effective mechanism for the communication between the rim and the center of the corresponding (e.g., Gotland) basin. 

Hagen, E., Feistel, R., 2004. Observations of low-frequency current fluctuations in deep water of the Eastern Gotland Basin/Baltic Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, C03044, doi 10.1029/ 2003JC002017. 

Nehring, D., Matthaus, W., 1991. Current trends in hydrographic and chemical parameters and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrohiologie, 76, 297-316. 

In the early 1970s, several temporary buoy stations were installed in the shallow western Baltic Sea off the coast of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (cf. Table 3.2) to improve technical details for installation and running of buoy stations (Muller, 1974). These stations were equipped with mechanical current meters of the LSK type or of the Russian current meter Alexejev and with photothermographs for measuring temperature (Franck, 1976). 

Aitsam, A., Talpsepp, L., 1982. Synoptic variability of currents in the Baltic Proper. In Hydrodynamics of Semi-Enclosed Seas. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 469 88. 

Lange, W., 1987. Statistical results of current measurements in the western Baltic Sea. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers, Copenhagen, pp. 316-335. 

Matthaus, W., Nausch, G., Lass, H. U., Nagel, K., Siegel, H., 1999. The Baltic Sea in 1998— characteristic features of the current stagnation period, nutrient conditions in the surface layer and exceptionally high deep water temperatures. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 51, 67-84. 

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