Pathogenic anaerobes

Gindamydn has antibacterial activity similar to that of erythromycin. It exerts a bacteriostatic effect mainly on gram-positive aerobic, as well as on anaerobic pathogens. Gindamycin is a semisynthetic chloro analogue of lin-comycin, which derives from a Streptomyces species. Taken orally, clindamycin is better absorbed than lincomycin, has greater antibacterial efficacy and is thus preferred. Both penetrate well into bone tissue. 

In 1912, Jordan Lloyd completed the Part II Tripos in zoology and obtained a B.Sc. (London), but she found she was more interested in the functional and dynamic side of biology than in the structural studies. Following her interest, when she took up research as a Bathurst Student (1912-1914), her topic was the physicochemical studies of proteins under Hardy, who had earlier mentored Willcock. Then in 1914, Hopkins invited her to join his group as a Newnham Research Fellow. With the outbreak of war, Jordan Lloyd worked on culture media for meningococcus, one of the anaerobic pathogens involved in trench diseases, and on the causes and prevention of ropiness in bread. For this research, she was awarded a D.Sc. (London) in 1916. 

Aside from mild or severe allergic reaction, the most commonly experienced cephalosporin toxicities are mild and temporary nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea associated with disturbance of the normal flora. Rarely, a life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis diarrhea associated with the opportunistic and toxin-producing anaerobic pathogen, Clostridium difficile, can be experienced. Rare blood dyscrasias, which can even include aplastic anemia, also are seen. Certain structural types (details below) are associated with prolonged bleeding times and an antabuse-like acute alcohol intolerance. 

Microbes responsible for skin infection often arise from the normal skin flora which includes Staph, aureus. In addition Strep, pyogenes, Ps. aeruginosa and anaerobic bacteria are other recognized pathogens. Vimses also affect the skin and mucosal surfaces, either as a result of generalized infection or localized disease as in the case of herpes simplex. The latter is amenable to antiviral therapy in selected patients, although for the majority of patients, vims infections of the skin are self-limiting. 

Eschbach M, K Schreiber, K Trunk, J Buer, D Jahn, M Schobert (2004) Long-term anaerobic survival of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa via pyruvate fermentation. J Bacteriol 186 4596-4604. 

Pneumonia owing to aspiration of oral contents is caused by a variety of anaerobes (Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella spp., and anaerobic gram-positive cocci), as well as Streptococcus spp. M. catarrhalis and Eikenella corrodens may be involved, but much less frequently.14,15 When gastric contents are aspirated, then enteric gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus are more commonly the pathogens.15... 

If a patient aspirates his or her oral contents and pneumonia develops, then anaerobes and Streptococcus spp. are the primary pathogens. Antibiotics active against these organisms include penicillin G, ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, and metronidazole. 

Secondary intraabdominal infections usually are caused by a mixture of enteric gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes. This mix of organisms enhances the pathogenic potential of the bacteria. 

Bacteria such as E. coli appear responsible for the early mortality from peritonitis, whereas anaerobic bacteria are major pathogens in abscesses, with B. fragilis predominating.15 Enterococcus can be isolated from many intraabdominal infections in humans, but its role as a pathogen is not clear.16... 

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