Bacterial kidney disease

The University of Idaho and USFWS, with funds from the Bonneville Power Administration, are also gathering data for registration of erythromycin. Erythromycin is intended for control of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fingerlings that can also be transmitted by broodstock to the eggs (9). If research is completed on schedule and data indicate that the compound is safe and effective, registration is scheduled for 1994 (see Antibiotics, MACROLIDES). 

Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha) reared in the Pacific Northwest of the United States suffer from infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) (Rhodes et al. 2004). The conclusion from this study was that whole-cell vaccines with or without CpG adjuvants provided limited protection against i.p. challenge by R. salmoninarum. However, a combined vaccine of a commercial vaccine (Renogen) with R. salmoninarum with or without CpG adjuvant significantly reduced the level of bacterial antigens in the kidneys of naturally infected fish (Rhodes et al. 2004). 

RHODES LD, RATHBONE CK, CORBETT SC, HARRELL LW, STROM MS. Efficacy of Cellular vaccines and genetic adjuvants against bacterial kidney disease in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2004,16,461-474. 

Acute and chronic viral, bacterial, microbial and parasitic infections, skin disease, metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease and kidney disease. 

Despite its lack of specificity, Bik determination has been shown to correlate well (p < 0.01) with other indexes of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP), WBC count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [4]. The urine strip is an alternative to a blood CRP measurement. The Bik test was more predictive of upper respiratory and urinary tract infections as well as kidney diseases. Furthermore, it was more sensitive to bacterial and viral infection vs CRP. Because plasma proteins, that is CRP, are not cleared and circulate until hepatic metabolism, urinary Bik appears to be a better predictor of an abnormal WBC, ESR, and neutrophil degranulation. 

There are many local (bacterial infection, ischemia, etc.) or systemic factors (age, nutrition, diabetes, heart, blood and/or kidney disease, cancer, etc.) that can affect the wound-healing process. It is important to be aware of them because one, or the combination of several factors, may hinder the wound healing (Hunt et al., 2000). 

Inhibition of immunomodulatory cytokines (Fig. 1) Anti-T-cell receptor antibodies Muromonab (OKT3, Orthoclone ) binds to the CD3 complex of the T-cell receptor and induces depletion of T-lymphocytes. It is applied to prevent acute rejection of kidney, liver, and heart allografts. Rapid side effects (within 30-60 min) include a cytokine release syndrome with fever, flu-like symptoms, and shock. Late side effects include an increased risk of viral and bacterial infections and an increased incidence of lymphproliferative diseases due to immunosuppression. 

Health consequences of chronic heroin abuse include scarred and collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, boils, a variety of soft-tissue infections, kidney problems, and liver disease. Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other lung diseases are also common among long-term users, which can be attributed to either poor nutrition and depressed respiratory function or both. Many of the additives heroin is cut with do not dissolve in the body and can block blood vessels, translating into higher risk of sudden death from stroke or heart attack. 

A 25-year-old Chinese woman with systemic lupus erythematosus had a disease course characterized by multiple flares involving the kidneys, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract (26). She was given mycophenolate mofetil and multiple courses of antibiotics, with a poor response. After about 9 months she developed a recurrent right leg cellulitis. Two initial skin biopsies yielded negative bacterial and mycobacterial cultures, but histopathology of the muscle of... 

Biofilms play key roles in several chronic human infections including infectious kidney stones, bacterial endocarditis, and cystic fibrosis lung infections, and the roles of biofilm formation in these diseases have been reviewed [27]. Biofilms also serve as environmental reservoirs for... 

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