Motivation and Background

In the recent years, the demand of production for energy, chemicals and transportation has seen a tremendous expansion related to a better standard living. This increase has been possible through scientific expand like technical chemistry or chemical process engineering. 

However, despite all the progress being made, the uncontrolled production unavoidably leads to environmental problems such as climate change or emission of toxic products. For example, dioxins and furans are unintentionally formed and released from various sources like open burning of waste, thermal processes in the metallurgical industry, residential combustion sources, motor vehicles, particularly those burning leaded gasoline, fossil fuel-fired utility and industrial boilers, waste oil refineries etc... 

If released uncontrolled to the environment, dioxins and furans find their way in very low concentrations into many food sources. They are known to be toxic species, depending however, on the level of exposure. Above the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) [1] exposure to dioxins or furans may result in skin lesions and altered liver function. Long-term exposure is linked to impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system, the endocrine system and reproductive functions. Chronic exposure of animals to dioxins has resulted in several types of cancer. 

The problem with both dioxins and furans is that they are very persistent chemicals. Their presence in the environment is ubiquitous and both groups of compounds degrade very slowly, that s why it is important to reduce the emissions. This can be done in two ways  

to destruct them before they are released to the environment 

The main objective of this work is to discuss recent developments in molecular simulation, multiscale simulation and multiscale systems engineering, and how these developments enable the targeted design of processes and products at the molecular scale. The control of events at the molecular scale is critical to product quality in many new applications in medicine, computers and manufacturing. 

The anticipated benefits of multiscale simulation to society are substantial. For example, the NSF Blue Ribbon Panel report on Simulation-based Engineering Science (http //www.nsf.gov/pubs/reports/sbes final report.pdf) describes benefits of accurate predictions for multiscale systems which include  

Potential new technological developments that may results from these discoveries include nanobiological devices, micromachines, nanoelectronic devices and protein microarrays and next-generation computer chips (Alkire and Braatz, 2005 [179] Sematech, 2005 [187]). These examples represent only a few of many potential technologies on the horizon that we cannot hope to understand, develop, or utilize in a timely manner without simulation-based engineering methods. 

On the other hand, well engineered manufacturing operations depend on the availability of manipulated variables for real-time feedback control. These variables usually operate at macroscopic length scales (e.g. the power to heat lamps above a wafer, the fractional opening of valves on flows into and out of a chemical reactor, the applied potential across electrodes in an electrochemical process). The combination of a need for product quality at the molecular scale with the economic necessity that feedback control systems utilize macroscopic manipulated variables motivates the creation of methods for the simulation, design and control of multiscale systems. 

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It is my hope that this book will show the scientific method at work. In each chapter an introductory essay gives the background and motivation for the work that is described in detail, in the papers selected for that chapter. 

For most safety and loss prevention professionals, there is a significant difference between the background and motivations of employees in the past and today s employees. So, why are safety and loss prevention professionals still using the same old methods of attempting to motivate employees to work safely The carrot and the stick worked in the past, but is it going to work in the future Is the carrot different today Is the stick different ... 

The background and motivation for this package system are outlined in the patent as follows. In application formulations consisting of several components, there is... 

As a conclusion, both shaping methods are critical due to quality, especially for technical woven textiles. Tailoring means a creation of seams, which are weak lines in a technical fabric. Deep drawing is limited by poor draping properties of woven materials and creates folds, distortions and poor reproducibility. This is the background and motivation for the development of attempts to create a three-dimensional shape of woven fabrics directly during a weaving process. The first ideas, we know today, were already created at the end of the nineteenth century. 

This chapter presents the background and motivation for this study, followed by its aim and specific research objectives. The research methodology is briefly discussed, and the organisation and structure for the book are outlined. 

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