Axillary

Off-Shoot-O. The methyl esters of the Cg—C 2 fatty acids (40) are collectively sold under the name Off-Shoot-O and are closely related to 1-decanol, the fatty alcohol sold to control axillary shoots in tobacco. The material is a contact-type chemical used to pinch ornamental plants such as a2aleas, cotoneaster, juniper Juniperus sp. privet, rhamnus, and taxus (Taxus sp. sp.). As a result of treatment the shmbs become bushier. The mode of action is by plasmolysis of the young, sensitive tissues. Therefore, appHcation timing may be critical. 

Fig. 4. Application of fibrin sealant (arrow points to spray head for applying two-component adhesives) at the time of mastectomy and axillary dissection to reduce seroma formation.

Moore, M.M., Nguyen, D.H.D. and Spotnitz, W.D., Fibrin sealant reduces serous drainage and allows earlier drain removal after axillary dissection a randomized prospective trial. Am. Surg., 63, 97-102 (1997). 

Moore, M., Burak Jr., W., Nelson, E., Kearney, T., Simmons, R., Mayers, L. and Spotnitz, W., Fibrin sealant reduces the duration and amount of fluid drainage after axillary dissection A randomized prospective clinical trial. J. Am. Coll. Surg., 192. 591-599 (2001). 

Achsel-. shoulder, axillary, -driise,/. (Physiol.) axillary gland, -grube, -hdhle, /. armpit, axilla. 

Other actions of estrogen include fluid retention, protein anabolism, thinning of the cervical mucus, and the inhibition or facilitation of ovulation. Estrogens contribute to the conservation of calcium and phosphorus, the growth of pubic and axillary hair, and pigmentation of the breast nipples and genitals. Estrogens also stimulate contraction of the fallopian tubes (which promotes movement of the ovum), modify the physical and chemical properties of the cervical mucus, and restore the endometrium after menstruation. 

Evidence has been accumulating that extracellular metabolic activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, occurs within skin glands and on the skin surface (Albone, 1997). Sterile human apocrine secretions do not develop the characteristic axillary odour (Shelley et al., 1953). In the salivary secretions of the boar, transformations of the pheromonal 16-androstene steroids 2. were attributed to the microbial flora (Booth, 1987). 

Human axillary odour has biological activity involving steroidal compounds 2., but it also contains 5. — the noxious (E) isomer of 3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid (E-3M2H) — whose threshold is considerably less than that of the (Z)-isomer. 

Leyden J., McGinley K., Hoelzle K., Labows J., et al. (1981). The microbiology of the human axillae in relation to axillary odors. J Invest Dermatol 77, 413-416. 

Nixon A., Mallet A.I., et al. (1988). Simultaneous quantification of five odorous steroids 16-Androstenes, in the axillary hair of men. J Steroid Biochem 29, 505-510. 

Preti G., et al. (1990). Human axillary odors their communicative function, structure and origin. Proc Am Chem Soc 200, 12 (abs). 

Preti G., Spielman A., Zeng X.-N. and Leyden J.J. (1995). The characteristic female axillary odors and their precursor proteins qualitative compraison to males. Chem... 

Reilly J., Vowels B., Leyden J., Sondheimer S., et al. (1996). Quantitative comparison of female axillary secretions as a function of the menstrual cycle phase. Chem Senses 21, 661-662. 

Shelley W., Hurley H. and Nichols A. (1953). Axillary odor, an experimental study of the role of bacteria, apocrine sweat, and deodorants. Arch Dermatol 68, 430-446. 

Spielman A., Sunavala G., Harmony J., Stuart W., et al. (1998). Identification and immunohistochemjcal localization of protein precursors to human axillary odors in apocrine glands and secretions. Arch Dermatol 134, 813-818. 

Spielman A., Zeng X., Leyden J. and Preti G. (1995). Proteinaceous precursors of human axillary odor — isolation of two novel odorant binding proteins. Experientia 51, 40-47. 

Wilson H. (1987). Female axillary secretions influence womens menstrual cycles a critique. Horm Behav 21, 536-546. 

Wysocki C.J., Zeng C. and Preti G. (1999). Specific anosmia and olfactory sensitivity to 3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid a major component of human axillary odor. Chem Senses 25, 652 (abs. 330). 

Zeng C Leyden J Spielman A. and Preti G. (1996). Analysis of characteristic human female axillary odors — qualitative comparison to males. J Chem Ecol 22,237-257. 

With complex and prolonged nausea and vomiting, patients may show signs of malnourishment, weight loss, and dehydration (dry mucous membranes, skin tenting, tachycardia, and lack of axillary sweat). 

Loss of axillary and pubic hair in women owing to decreased androgen production... 

Local therapy of early-stage breast cancer consists of modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy plus external-beam radiation therapy. The surgical approach to the ipsilateral axilla may consist of a full level I/II axillary lymph node dissection or a lymph node mapping procedure with sentinel lymph node biopsy. 

Metastatic symptoms Tissues most commonly involved with metastases are lymph nodes (other than axillary or internal mammary), skin, bone, liver, lungs, and brain. The following symptoms of metastases will be present in about 1 0% of patients when they first seek treatment ... 

The importance of stage I/II axillary dissection is being challenged. Although highly accurate, its morbidity is significant,... 

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