Sweat, axillary

With complex and prolonged nausea and vomiting, patients may show signs of malnourishment, weight loss, and dehydration (dry mucous membranes, skin tenting, tachycardia, and lack of axillary sweat). 

Brooksbank, B. W. L. (1970). Labelling of steroids in axillary sweat after administration of H-5-pregnenolone and C-progesterone to a healthy man. Experientia 26,1012-1014. 

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 320 patients with untreated hyperhidrosis showed a more than 50% reduction in sweat production at 4 and 16 weeks after treatment respectively in 94 and 82% of patients treated with botulinum toxin (50 MU per axilla) and in 36 and 21% of placebo-treated patients (7). The major treatment-related adverse effect was an increase in sweating in non-axillary sites after treatment. Open treatment with botulinum toxin A was offered to patients in whom sweat production was at least 50% of baseline values (8). Of 207 study subjects, 39% had one treatment, 45% had two treatments and 15% had three treatments. Response rates 4 weeks after treatment were 96, 91, and 83% after the first, second, and third treatments respectively. In one of 207 patients there was possible transient seroconversion from negative to positive for neutralizing antibodies to botulinum toxin, and subsequent treatment with botulinum toxin resulted in complete disappearance of axillary sweating 7 days after injection. 

Thus, Amoore suggests that, if we have a specific olfactory receptor for a given odorant then that odorant might be naturally given off by the body. The sweaty odor of isovaleric acid is probably part of the foot odor and is produced by the action of skin bacteria on apocrine secretion (see below). Pyrolline, the spermous odor, has been shown to be produced by enzymatic breakdown of the polyamines in semen (40). Androst-16-en-3-one, the urinous primary odor, has axillary-like odor the related androstenol, which is found in urine, is perceived as a musky odor to some individuals (41). Both steroids are found in axillary sweat and may be formed as metabolites of apocrine secretion. Chemicals which fit the malty anosmia have not as yet been reported from human odor sources. The natural musks, such as cycloheptadecenone (civet), were first obtained from animal scent glands. 

Axillary Sweat Axillary Sweat Apocrine Secretion... 

There are several observations which suggest a connection between olfaction and human pheromones. Saliva, axillary sweat and vaginal odor appear to be the main stimuli involved (107-118, 587-607). 

It is well known that women detect and react to the boar s pheromone, 5-t3i// /i -androst-16-en-3-one (71) (androstenone), more readily than men. This substance was also detected in human male axillary sweat (559, 595, 596, 600, 602), in the urine of both sexes (593) and in human saliva in very low concentration (603). In an interesting experiment Kirk-Smith and Booth (597) sprayed androstenone (71) onto a seat in a position previously avoided by women in a dentist s waiting room. The incidence of women using the seat increased while as the dose increased, the incidence of men using the seat decreased. 

Since the characterization of odor is critical to the technical development of medical textile materials for odor control, it is important to have a quantitative assessment method that can offer a detailed classification of body odor. In this respect, many attempts have been made to establish qualitative description and quantitative grading of body odor. For example, six descriptive terms can be used to describe axillary sweat extracts acid, chicken broth, onion, sweat (acrid), butter, and floral. The intensity of the different types of smells can be graded on an 11-point intensity scale from 0 (none) to 10 (very strong), using which a highly trained panel of assessors can carry out a reasonably accurate assessment of body odors. 

Shelley W., Hurley H. and Nichols A. (1953). Axillary odor, an experimental study of the role of bacteria, apocrine sweat, and deodorants. Arch Dermatol 68, 430-446. 

Gower, D. B., Holland, K. T., Mallet, A. I., Rennie, P. J., Watkins, W. J. (1994) Comparison of 16-androstene steroid concentrations in sterile apocrine sweat and axillary secretions Interconversions of 16-androstenes by the axillary microflora-a mechanism for axillary odour production in man J. Steroid Biochem. 48, 409-418. 

Primary axillary hyperhidrosis Adverse events (in at least 3% of patients) included injection site pain and hemorrhage, nonaxillary sweating, infection, pharyngitis, flu syndrome, headache, fever, neck or back pain, pruritus, and anxiety. Blepharospasm The most frequently reported treatment-related adverse reactions were ptosis (20.8%), superficial punctate keratitis (6.3%), and eye dryness (6.3%). Strabismus Extraocular muscles adjacent to the injection site can be affected, causing ptosis, vertical deviation, spatial disorientation, double vision, or past-pointing, especially with higher doses of botulinum toxin type A. 

Axillary and pubic hairs are quite similar in terms of growth rate (approximately 0.3 mm/d) and growth/rest cycle durations (11-18 months/12-17 months). They are both exposed to sweat and sebum secretions in addition to the secretions of the apocrine glands which are present only in the axilla and pubic area and discharge directly into the hair follicle rather than onto the surface of the surrounding skin. Axillary hair is less exposed to environmental contamination, but may be subjected to cosmetic treatments. Pubic hair may be contaminated by urine. Both types of hair are composed of ambosexual follicles. 

Can hnmans reliably identify gender and individnals by body odors The answer to this qnestion matters very mnch in a nnmber of contexts of social and sexnal behavior snch as parent-offspring bonding, mate choice, or nepotism. A classical experiment has examined the role of the axillary odor, the most powerfnl hnman scent. This odor is the resnlt of bacterial action on the secretion of the axillary glands. These skin glands are of the apocrine type which is a modified sweat gland that prodnces an aqneons secretion. 

Exocrine glands there is increased secretion most noticeably of the salivary, lachrymal, bronchial and sweat glands. The last are cholinergic, although anatomically part of the sympathetic system some sweat glands, e.g. axillary, may be adrenergic. 

In a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controUed trial in 145 patients with axillary hyperhidrosis, refractory to treatment with topical aluminium chloride, both 100 and 200 MU of botulinum toxin reduced sweat production by about 80% (6). After 24 weeks, sweat production in the treated axillae was about 45% of baseline. Temporary adverse events during the first 14 weeks included headache, soreness of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, axillary itching, and increased facial sweating. 

Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G Hyperhidrosis Study Group. Botuhnum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med 2001 344(7) 488-93. 

Kathleen Stern and Martha K. McClintock at the University of Chicago could show that a woman s follicular or ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle may he extended or shortened if the woman had odourless axillary (underarm) sweat from other women applied to her upper lip over several cycles, until eventually the ovulations were synchronised. [10, 11] This phenomenon had been known earlier in women living in closed communities, e.g. barracks, brothels, convents or prisons. Behavioural scientists recognised it as a relic of ancient times, when the simultaneous birth of many young creatures produced a sru-plus, which offered a better chance of sruviving predators. 

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