Secretion apocrine

Evidence has been accumulating that extracellular metabolic activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, occurs within skin glands and on the skin surface (Albone, 1997). Sterile human apocrine secretions do not develop the characteristic axillary odour (Shelley et al., 1953). In the salivary secretions of the boar, transformations of the pheromonal 16-androstene steroids 2. were attributed to the microbial flora (Booth, 1987). 

Proteins also occur in many excretions and glandular secretions, from turtles to mice and humans. Intensive studies are clarifying their role in signaling. In axillary secretion from hrunan males, the main odoriferous acid, (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid, (E)-3M2H for short, is bound to two apocrine secretion-binding proteins (ASOBl and 2) of molecular masses 45 and 26kDa, respectively. The... 

Kurosumi, K., Kobayashi, Y. and Baba, N. 1968. The fine structure of mammary glands of lactating rats, with special reference to the apocrine secretion. Exp. Cell Res. 50, 177-192. 

Kralj, M., Pipan, N. 1992. The role of exocytosis in the apocrine secretion of milk lipid globules in mouse mammary gland during lactogenesis. Biol. Cell. 75, 211-216. [Erratum (1992) Biol Cell. 76, 288],... 

Thus, Amoore suggests that, if we have a specific olfactory receptor for a given odorant then that odorant might be naturally given off by the body. The sweaty odor of isovaleric acid is probably part of the foot odor and is produced by the action of skin bacteria on apocrine secretion (see below). Pyrolline, the spermous odor, has been shown to be produced by enzymatic breakdown of the polyamines in semen (40). Androst-16-en-3-one, the urinous primary odor, has axillary-like odor the related androstenol, which is found in urine, is perceived as a musky odor to some individuals (41). Both steroids are found in axillary sweat and may be formed as metabolites of apocrine secretion. Chemicals which fit the malty anosmia have not as yet been reported from human odor sources. The natural musks, such as cycloheptadecenone (civet), were first obtained from animal scent glands. 

Axillary Sweat Axillary Sweat Apocrine Secretion... 

The apocrine secretion and the resultant odor is a normal response to emotional stimuli. Dehydroeplandrosterone, which is present in the apocrine secretion, also has been reported to increase in urine in individuals under stress (62). Thus, a sensitive method for monitoring of the activity of the apocrine gland could provide information relative to the emotional state of an individual. 

Antisera to ASOBl and 2 were employed to probe, by Western blotting, the proteins from a variety of body fluids (e.g., tears, forehead and areolar sweat, submaxillary and parotid saliva, urine, ear wax, serum and nasal secretions). All fluids, except urine, contained an immunoreactive protein with the same electrophoretic migration pattern as ASOBl areolar sweat and ear wax were also positive for ASOB2 (Spielman, et al., 1995). These results suggest a widespread distribution of an ASOBl-like protein and perhaps its bound odorants in a variety of body fluids, albeit at far lower concentrations than in apocrine secretion. 

ApoD is a member of the 2 -microglobulin superfamily of proteins (also known as lipocalins Flower, 1994). The physiological role of plasma apoD is not known. Although several, putative ligands have been suggested by in vitro studies and theoretical considerations (Milne, Rassart Marcel, 1993), our studies identified, for the first time, an in vivo ligand for apoD as it appears in apocrine secretion. We also determined that there is a 2 1 molar ratio of 3M2H to apocrine apoD. 

Labows, J.N., Preti, G., Hoelzle, E., Leyden, J.J. Kligman, A.M. 1979. Steroid analysis of human apocrine secretion. Steroids, 34, 249-258. 

In animal experiments the inhalation of soot increased mucus formation (Knauff 1867, Gross 1927). In rabbits and mongrel dogs kept underground in a bituminous coal mine (about 50 mg coal dust/m ) nearly continuously for up to 6 years, Schiller (1958) found a hypertrophy of the bronchial epithelium with a prevalence of goblet cells after 3 years exposure, but an atrophy at 6 years exposure. In the bronchioles, Clara cells showed an increase in apocrine secretion. 

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