Availability of solids

The availability of biomass and the allocation of biomass resources across energy sectors are crucial, as this energy source is faced with high expectations with regard to its future potentials. Although the potential analysis undertaken here is focused on the electricity sector, with regard to biomass, all energy sectors have been considered. The total domestic availability of solid biomass is approximately 221 Mtoe/yr (9.2 PJ/yr).3 To indicate the European perspective in a broader context, it is assumed that biomass can be imported to the European market. Specifically ... 

Dirarylmethyl and triarylmethyl ions (trityl ions) are even more stable than the /er/-butyl ion which is impressively demonstrated by the commercial availability of solid [Ph3C] [BF4] and similar salts. Triphenylchloromethane dissociates in polar, inert solvents such as SO2, and therefore, it is not surprising that El spectra of triphenylmethyl compounds almost exclusively exhibit this ion together with some of its fragments, whereas the molecular ion peak is usually absent. Field desorption allows to circumvent this problem (Chap. 8.5). 

Triphenylaluminum is useful as a component of catalyst systems for ionic or coordination polymerization of vinyl compounds. This preparation of the material in solid form enables the purity of the compound to be easily determined. The availability of solid triphenylaluminum permits the user a choice of solvents for a reaction, and a variety of concentrations of the reagent. Storage and dispensation of the reagent are more convenient in the solid form. 

V3. Van Petten, G. R., Feng, H., Withey, R. J., and Lettan, H. F., The physiological availability of solid dosage forms of phenylbutazone. Part I. In vivo physiologic... 

The availability of solid-state detectors (such as the charge-coupled detector, CCD) makes it possible to acquire simultaneously significant portions of the spectra or even the entire rich spectra obtained by ICP-OES in the UV-Vis region, thus providing a large amount of data. The commercial availability of ICP-OES instruments with these multichannel detectors has significantly renewed interest in this technique. However, some limitations, such as the degradation of the spectral resolution compared with photomultiplier-based dispersive systems, still remain. 

Availability of solid surfaces which are stable and do not undergo chemical reactions (e.g., oxidation). 

Economic Aspects. In 1994, there were 10 manufacturers of various types of structural composite lumber with a production volume of about 0.820 x 106 m3 (2). Several more plants are now in production or under construction. Given the reduced availability of solid lumber in large structural sizes, this is another area of composite products having a promising future. 

Grzeskowiak, E. 1998. Technology and biopharmaceutical availability of solid ocular inserts containing sulfadicramide and some promoters. Acta Pol Pharm 55 205. 

The recent general availability of solid state Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors has made possible new applications of activation analysis to multielement trace analysis. A simplified schematic representation of a Ge(Li) detector is given in Fig. 6. The principal advantage of these detectors is their excellent energy resolution for gamma-ray spectrometry 52>. While a typical 3 X 3" NaI(Tl) scintillation crystal may have a photopeak resolution of 50 KeV fwhm (/ull width at Aalf maximum) for the 137Cs... 

Ultrafast spectroscopy is usually distinguished from fast spectroscopy in that the former studies processes which occur in less than 10 ps. The commercial availability of solid-state femtosecond lasers, such as Ti-sapphire, makes femtosecond spectroscopy available for a wide range of applications [29]. 

Organotin compounds, as well as being open to study by general spectroscopic techniques, e.g. UV, IR, and H and NMR spectroscopies as well as mass spectrometry, can also be investigated using such specific techniques as " Sn (or " Sn) NMR and " Sn Mdssbauer spectroscopies. The increasing availability of solid-state NMR spectroscopy provides further means of exploring stractures. 

Interest in the structures and properties of fullerenes has received new impetus from the recent discovery that the molecules Cm and C70 can be prepared in large quantities by comparatively simple procedures. The ready availability of solid samples of Cm and C70 now permits their characterization by a variety of physical methods. In this paper, we report the results of solid-state C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on powder samples of Cm and of a mixture of Cm and C70. Our NMR results indicate that Cm rotates rapidly and nearly isotropically in the solid state at 296 K and that C70 also rotates at 296 K, although somewhat anisotropically. The rotation of Cm molecules becomes slow on the time scale of our measurements at about 100 K. 

Solid-water interfaces provide sites for important abiotic and biotic reactions that involve the uptake and transformation of pollutants. The availability of solid surfaces and the physical and chemical characteristics of solid-water interfaces in aquatic environments can be determined by particle aggregation and deposition reactions. The kinetics of these colloid chemical reactions play an important role in the transport, reactivity, fate, and impact of pollutants and other particle-reactive substances in natural waters. 

Note The authors being discussed seem to base some of their numerical values on a set of tables different from reference (3). The value of ac given here is the one listed on table I, resulting from reference (3) values, while the LHV of sulfur has been taken from Chemical Engineer s Handbook (7).) From this they reason that the chemical availability of solid fuels containing sulfur can be obtained from the expressions... 

As we all know, there are two aspects that make zeolites unique. First of all, being crystals, their intracrystalline surface is an inherent part of the crystal structure and hence they are topologically well defined. This is in sharp distinction to the ill-defined amorphous solids we are familiar with. The availability of solids with such a large and well defined surface area is certainly exciting and welcoming news to us. 

The widespread applicability and availability of solid state NMR spectroscopy have established it as an indispensable structural tool. Furthermore, it is complementary to diffraction methods, since it gives information on local... 

The improved commercial availability of solid-phase reaction systems, immobilized enzyme reactors and photochemical derivatization instruments is one such direction for a brief outline of some of these see [34]. There will undoubtedly be new developments in the application of analytical methods, particularly in liquid chromatography, that will exploit the practical advantages of these devices when they are linked to the most sensitive detection modes, particularly the fluorescence and electrochemical types of detector. 

At this time the technique seems to be limited by a lack of widespread availability of solid-state NMR equipment and the need to use the same batch of clay each time. If a different clay is used, it may contain a different fraction of paramagnetic iron, which will influence the relaxation time. Thus, one cannot compare samples from different suppliers or even from the same supplier obtained at a different time. The technique is also limited to those materials that contain a paramagnetic species, which can facilitate proton relaxation montmorUlonite and other natural clays that contain iron would be acceptable, but double-layered hydroxides and synthetic clays (or even layered silicas, such as magadiite or kenyite) could not be analyzed by this technique. 

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