Autonomous phase

The region between the two phases where the properties vary from those in the bulk is the interfacial region. It may also be regarded as a distinct, although not autonomous, phase, and be called the interphase. 

The presence of small particles (2—10 nm) raises further questions because of their special properties as compared with those of large particles. More especially the narrow strips of surface (selvedges) and the small elongated volumes containing and supporting the contact lines are non-autonomous phases. 

At this point it is worth noting the following. The adsorbed layer is not an autonomous phase [15] and therefore the validity of Eq. (28) may be questioned. However, we have shown in [33,34] that the interactions of the adsorbed layer with the two phases which form it, i.e. the adsorbent and the solution, do not affect the form of this equation, since they may be included in the entropy S of the adsorbed layer. 

Ohashi, H. Hiraoka, Y Yamaguchi, T. An autonomous phase transition-complexation/decomplexation polymer system with a molecular recognition property. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 2614-2620. 

For autonomous Hamiltonians = 0 the solution in phase space depends only on t — to where the t-flow 4>t,n is defined as... 

Action potentials, self-propagating. Action potentials of smooth muscle differ from the typical nerve action potential in at least three ways. First, the depolarization phases of nearly all smooth muscle action potentials are due to an increase in calcium rather than sodium conductance. Consequently, the rates of rise of smooth action potentials are slow, and the durations are long relative to most neural action potentials. Second, smooth muscle action potentials arise from membrane that is autonomously active and tonically modulated by autonomic neurotransmitters. Therefore, conduction velocities and action potential shapes are labile. Finally, smooth muscle action potentials spread along bundles of myocytes which are interconnected in three dimensions. Therefore the actual spatial patterns of spreading of the action potential vary. 

During phase I, each seizure causes a sharp increase in autonomic activity with increases in epinephrine, norepinephrine, and steroid plasma concentrations, resulting in hypertension, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hyperthermia, sweating, and salivation. Cerebral blood flow is also increased to preserve the oxygen supply to the brain during this period of high metabolic demand. Increases in sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation with muscle hypoxia can lead to ventricular arrhythmias, severe acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis. These, in turn, could lead to hypotension, shock, hyperkalemia, and acute tubular necrosis. 

This is exactly the autonomous linearized Hamiltonian (7), the dynamics of which was discussed in detail in Section II. One therefore finds the TS dividing surface and the full set of invariant manifolds described earlier one-dimensional stable and unstable manifolds corresponding to the dynamics of the variables A<2i and APt, respectively, and a central manifold of dimension 2N — 2 that itself decomposes into two-dimensional invariant subspaces spanned by APj and AQj. However, all these manifolds are now moving manifolds that are attached to the TS trajectory. Their actual location in phase space at any given time is obtained from their description in terms of relative coordinates by the time-dependent shift of origin, Eq. (42). 

The scaling prescription (59) embodies the assumption that the external force is so weak that it does not drive the TS trajectory out of the phase-space region in which the normal form expansion is valid. In the autonomous version of geometric TST, one generally assumes that this region is sufficiently large to make the normal form expansion a useful tool for the computation of the geometric objects. Once this assumption has been made, the additional condition imposed by Eq. (59) is only a weak constraint. 

We can therefore revert from the formally autonomous description in the extended phase space to an explicitly time-dependent dynamics in the original phase space with a time-dependent normal form Hamiltonian... 

These observations relating to the use of economic poisons have been made through the work of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO is an autonomous body of 58 nations concerned with all phases of food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries throughout the world. It was conceived because, in peace or war, the majority of the world s peoples are not amply fed and on the premise that food is basic to human well-being and world peace. 

The entry into the first mitotic M phase at the end of the first embryonic cell cycle requires activation of MPF. In the mouse one-cell embryo this activation is fully autonomous from the nucleus (Ciemerych 1995, Ciemerych et al 1998). It proceeds within the cytoplasts obtained either by enucleation or by bisection of the embryo. Other autonomous phenomena are the cortical activity, or the deformation of the one-cell embryo, directly preceding the entry into first mitosis (Waksmundzka et al 1984) and the cyclic activity of K+ ion channels (Day et al 1998). The role of the cortical activity remains unknown however, the fact that it directly precedes the entry into the first mitotic M phase suggests that it could be linked to the activation... 

FIG. 3. HistoneHl kinase activity and schematic representation of the morphology of one-cell mouse embryos (3A) and two-cell stage blastomeres (3B) bisected at the respective G2 phases. N ote that histone H1 kinase activity rises autonomously in anucleate halves of both embryos and blastomeres. However, the degree of the autonomous activation is lower than in theit nucleate counterparts. Activity detected in nucleate halves obtained during respective M phases was taken as 100%. Note that the nucleate halves obtained at theit respective G2 stages do not activate histone HI kinase to the levels observed in the halves obtained in the M phase, and that the mitotic disassembly of microtubules was observed only when the level of histone HI kinase was between 35% and 46% in anucleate halves. 

POA WSNs also initiates thermolytic autonomic processes with resulting heat loss. It is reasonable to speculate that the activation of these neurons underlies the peripheral vasodilation and evoked lowering of body temperature at sleep onset (reviewed by Heller, 2005) and the association of high sleep propensity with the low-body-temperature phase of the circadian temperature cycle... 

Fig. 1.5 Schematic representation of the evolution of life from its precursors, on the basis of the definition of life given by the authors. If bioenergetic mechanisms have developed via autonomous systems, the thermodynamic basis for the beginning of the archiving of information, and thus for a one-polymer world such as the RNA world , has been set up. Several models for this transition have been discussed. This phase of development is possibly the starting point for the process of Darwinian evolution (with reproduction, variation and heredity), but still without any separation between genotype and phenotype. According to the authors definition, life begins in exactly that moment when the genetic code comes into play, i.e., in the transition from a one-polymer world to a two-polymer world . The last phase, open-ended evolution, then follows. After Ruiz-Mirazo et al. (2004)...

Vinblastine -vinca alkaloid inhibits tubulin polymerization G2 phase specific -bone marrow suppression -vesicant if extravasated -nausea and vomiting -constipation (often secondary to neuropathy induced ileus) -neuropathy (jaw pain, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy) -SIADH -tumor pain... 

Counselors and therapists have to determine when the client has made sufficient progress to move into this next phase of therapy. The decision whether the client is ready to be moved from formal treatment into aftercare is determined by client progress on the treatment plan. The counselor or therapist uses clinical judgment to ascertain whether the client has made sufficient progress on the plan to warrant movement from formal treatment into aftercare and whether the client is sufficiendy stable in his or her recovery to take this next step toward autonomous recovery. The next section covers factors that counselors and therapists should consider when making the decision to graduate clients from treatment into aftercare. In addition, this chapter provides an overview of what can be expected during this final phase of treatment and therapy for professionals, and for clients and their families. 

Besides the two main characteristics of sensitivity as well as specificity of a sensor, the industrial, military, and other standards demand the device to be portable, economical, autonomous, and power efficient. In order to address some of these characteristics, the authors in their respective laboratories have been working on improving the design of the prototype, as shown in Figs. 15.6 and 15.7, respectively. The necessaiy electronics consisting of local oscillators, beat oscillators, smaller cavities, mixers, and phase-locking loops have been assembled in prototypes. As of this date the device needs further evaluation in an operational environment to establish a set of encyclopedic data and for comparison with unknown toxins. 

There is a square wave response that is characterized by a rise in BP during phase 2. This may be because the raised venous pressure seen with this condition enables venous return to be maintained during this phase. As with autonomic neuropathy, there is no BP overshoot in phase 4 and little change in heart rate. 

The results obtained with the model for the mammalian circadian clock provide cues for circadian-rhythm-related sleep disorders in humans [117]. Thus permanent phase shifts in LD conditions could account for (a) the familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) associated with PER hypopho-sphorylation [118, 119] and (b) the delayed sleep phase syndrome, which is also related to PER [120]. People affected by FASPS fall asleep around 7 30 p.m. and awake around 4 30 a.m. The duration of sleep is thus normal, but the phase is advanced by several hours. Moreover, the autonomous period measured for circadian rhythms in constant conditions is shorter [121]. The model shows that a decrease in the activity of the kinase responsible for PER phosphorylation is indeed accompanied by a reduction of the circadian period in continuous darkness and by a phase advance upon entrainment of the rhythm by the LD cycle [114]. 

The periodic recurrence of cell division suggests that globally the cell cycle functions like an autonomous oscillator. An extended model incorporating the sequential activation of the various cyclin-dependent kinases, followed by their inactivation, shows that even in the absence of control by cell mass, this sequence of biochemical events can operate as a limit cycle oscillator [145]. This supports the union of the two views of the cell cycle as dominoes and clock [146]. Because of the existence of checkpoints, however, the cell cycle stops at the end of certain phases before engaging in the next one. Thus the cell cycle looks more like an oscillator that slows down and makes occasional stops. A metaphor for such behavior is provided by the movement of the round plate on the table in a Chinese restaurant, which would rotate continuously under the movement imparted by the participants, were it not for frequent stops. 

Weit Joe Takahashi, is your expectation that you would only see this at the tissue level The idea is presumably that in a cell-autonomous sense, period and phase are still coupled because of the way we imagine the oscillator works, but when you are now talking about how a collection of coupled oscillators integrate this into behavioural outputs, there are now other factors that must come into play. Is this fair to say Is it only in the chimeras, and not in the heterozygotes, that you see these unusual combinations and dissociations of phase and period ... 

Autonomic receptors further regulate calcium influx through the sarcolemma (Fig. 15.1). (3-Adrenergic stimulation results in the association of a catalytic subunit of a G protein coupled to the (3-receptor. This stimulates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increasing cAMP production results in a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the L-type calcium channel and a subsequent increase in the probability of the open state of the channel. This translates to an increase in transsarcolemmal calcium influx during phase 2 (the plateau phase) of the cardiac muscle action potential. The effects of transient increases in intracellular levels of cAMP are tightly con-... 

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