Behaviour outputs

Kosbash What are the various interpretations for the difference between the rodless coneless physiology and the wild-type More generally, when I discussed these kinds of experiments with Aziz Sancar, he was always reminding me that the action spectrum on an animal is not the same as the action spectrum on a purified molecule. He was always critical of the facile interpretation of when you do an action spectrum with some behavioural output this defines the photopigment, in the same way that doing an absorption spectrum on a purified protein would. 

Kyriacou Coming back to Joe Takahashi s comment about constant RNA and the effect that this has on the clock, it clearly has some effect on the behavioural output. But one thing that Michael Rosbash showed with doubletime mutants and that we have also seen in the housefly is that it is possible to move the RNA cycle and the PER protein cycle absolutely on top of each other without any delay. In the case of the housefly we get a behavioural rhythm that is an hour shorter, but it is a perfectly good robust cycle. So, if we are talking about RNA and protein cycles, they can be shifted so that there is no 4 h delay between them and we still get very robust rhythms. 

Weit Joe Takahashi, is your expectation that you would only see this at the tissue level The idea is presumably that in a cell-autonomous sense, period and phase are still coupled because of the way we imagine the oscillator works, but when you are now talking about how a collection of coupled oscillators integrate this into behavioural outputs, there are now other factors that must come into play. Is this fair to say Is it only in the chimeras, and not in the heterozygotes, that you see these unusual combinations and dissociations of phase and period ... 

Roshash I mentioned in passing that when you double stain for PDF, it is restricted to its original homes. There is no PDF expression in any of these ectopic locations. Therefore we don t know what connects from these locations to behavioural outputs. 

Circuit SEQUENCE-BEHAVIOUR OUTPUT SELECT STATE SELECT... 

M continually decreases under the influence of spin-spin relaxation which destroys the initial phase coherence of the spin motion within they z-plane. In solid-state TREPR, where large inliomogeneous EPR linewidths due to anisotropic magnetic interactions persist, the long-time behaviour of the spectrometer output, S(t), is given by... 

For ease of illustration we will consider the characteristics and behaviour of a centrifugal pump which is similar in behaviour to radial/axial flow fans and centrifugal/screw compressors. Figure 63 shows the mechanical connection of a flow valve to control the output of the pump or the discharge of the fluid through the throttle of the valve. Figure 6.39 illustrates the characteristics of the pump ... 

If the dynamic behaviour of a physical system can be represented by an equation, or a set of equations, this is referred to as the mathematical model of the system. Such models can be constructed from knowledge of the physical characteristics of the system, i.e. mass for a mechanical system or resistance for an electrical system. Alternatively, a mathematical model may be determined by experimentation, by measuring how the system output responds to known inputs. 

Such models can be used to perform in silico experiments, for example by monitoring the response of a system or its components to a defined intervention. Model output - predictions of biological behaviour - is then validated against in vitro or in vivo data from the real world. 

The response of a controller to an error depends on its mode. In the proportional mode (P), the output signal is proportional to the detected error, e. Systems with proportional control often exhibit pronounced oscillations, and for sustained changes in load, the controlled variable attains a new equilibrium or steady-state position. The difference between this point and the set point is the offset. Proportional control always results in either an oscillatory behaviour or retains a constant offset error. 

An adaptive control system can automatically modify its behaviour according to the changes in the system dynamics and disturbances. They are applied especially to systems with non-linear and unsteady characteristics. There are a number of actual adaptive control systems. Programmed or scheduled adaptive control uses an auxiliary measured variable to identify different process phases for which the control parameters can be either programmed or scheduled. The "best" values of these parameters for each process state must be known a priori. Sometimes adaptive controllers are used to optimise two or more process outputs, by measuring the outputs and fitting the data with empirical functions. 

Central/Tertiary structures The fish olfactory bulb is a fourlayered structure much as in higher vertebrates. Within the 2nd layer, the first synapse for olfactory input is on the dendrites of the mitral cells (MC). About 1000 ORN axons converge on one MC, a ratio similar to mammals. The MC output, from cells at various levels, leads into several glomeruli and receives (inhibitory) input from granule cells. The latter also innervate a distinct cell type in the MC layer of teleosts — the ruffed cells (RC), with which they have reciprocal synapses [Fig. 2.18(a)] both relay cells send ascending fibres to forebrain centres (Kosaka and Hama, 1982). The RC are unlike the MC since they are not stimulated by the ORNs directly. Their interactions (Chap. 5) may contribute to the processing of pheromonal stimuli (Zippel, 2000). The main bulbar pathways project to several nuclei in the forebrain via two ipsilateral tracts, the lateral and medial [Fig. 2.18(b)], the latter mediates sexual behaviour and the former probably other behaviours (Hara,... 

An interneuron together with a sensory afferent and motor efferent form a polysynaptic reflex (Figure 2.2) this comprises the initial stage of information input (sensory afferent), the processing/computing an appropriate response (interneurons) and the execution of a behavioural response (motor efferent). The simplest reflexes in the nervous system are monosynaptic reflexes, such as the familiar tendon (knee) jerk, these do not involve an interneuron. The sensory afferent activated by the mechano-receptor (the tap of the patellar hammer) forms a synapse with the motor efferent in the spinal cord, which then causes the skeletal muscle to contract and the crossed leg to jerk forward. With a synaptic delay of 1 millisecond (ms), the time between input and output increases with the number of synapses introduced into the circuit. As an... 

It is worth remarking that a gas sensor array is a mere mathematical construction where the sensor outputs are arranged as components of a vector. Arrays can also be utilized to investigate the properties of chemical sensors, or even better, the peculiar behaviour of a sensor as a component of an array. In this chapter, the more common sensor array methodologies are critically reviewed, including the most general steps of a multivariate data analysis. The application of such methods to the study of sensor properties is also illustrated through a practical example. 

To define a feature extraction procedure it is necessary to consider that the output signal of a chemical sensor follows the variation of the concentration of gases at which it is exposed with a certain dynamics. The nontrivial handling of gas samples complicates the investigation of the dynamics of the sensor response. Generally, sensor response models based on the assumption of a very rapid concentration transition from two steady states results in exponential behaviour. 

A continuous fermenter with sterile feed is referred to as a chemostat. For constant volume operation, the inlet volumetric flow rate is equal to that at the output. With this model chemostat start-up, resultant steady state behaviour and cell washout phenomena are easily investigated by simulation. 

After the electrode reaction starts at a potential close to E°, the concentrations of both O and R in a thin layer of solution next to the electrode become different from those in the bulk, cQ and cR. This layer is known as the diffusion layer. Beyond the diffusion layer, the solution is maintained uniform by natural or forced convection. When the reaction continues, the diffusion layer s thickness, /, increases with time until it reaches a steady-state value. This behaviour is also known as the relaxation process and accounts for many features of a voltammogram. Besides the electrode potential, equations (A.3) and (A.4) show that the electrode current output is proportional to the concentration gradient dcourfa /dx or dcRrface/dx. If the concentration distribution in the diffusion layer is almost linear, which is true under a steady state, these gradients can be qualitatively approximated by equation (A.5). 

The behaviour of the individual actors in the chain is in turn affected by both internal and external structures and factors. For example employers, employees, purchasing departments for substance input and waste management for output as well as the various specialised divisions in companies using chemical products thus pursue entirely different interests and strategies. A central concern of the SubChem project was how the interaction of all actors inside and outside the supply chain can accelerate or hamper innovations. 

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