Automotive fasteners

The coating thickness may range from 0.0025 to 0.05 mm, depending on the type of protection required. Pure tin coatings are used on food-processing equipment, milk cans, kitchen implements, electronic and electrical components, fasteners, steel and copper wire, pins, automotive bearings, and pistons. 

Cadmium. In 1989, U.S. consumption of cadmium for coatings was 1474 t (7), compared to 1552 t in 1970, 2089 t in 1979, and 1230 t in 1985. Cadmium plating amounts to about 15% of total cadmium production (see Cadmiumand cadmium alloys). Of the cadmium being plated in 1989, 30% was for automotive parts, over 22% for electronics, and 18% for industrial fasteners. Because of cadmium s high and weU-pubHcized toxicity and very tight waste restrictions, there are considerable efforts to develop alternative materials, and the quantities of cadmium used in electroplating ate expected to decrease. The price of cadmium anodes in early 1993 was about l/kg. 

Another well-established use of UV/visible lighf curing adhesives is glass, a plastics bonding in the automotive industry. Typical applications are lamination of safety glass, fastening of rear-view mirrors to windshields, and assembly of headlights. ... 

The rigid urethane foam concept with integral skins has also found considerable interest in the automotive industry for exterior body parts, such as engine or trunk compartment lids, fenders and even full roofs. These parts can be reinforced with metal inserts where necessary or hinges and fasteners can be molded in for ready mounting. 

Use (Solid) Mechanical rubber products, lining oilloading hose and reaction equipment, adhesive cement, binder for rocket fuels, coatings for electric wiring, gaskets and seals. (Liquid) Specialty items made by dipping or electrophoresis from the latex. (Foam) Adhesive tape to replace metal fasteners for automotive accessories, seat cushions, carpet backing, sealant. 

Tmloo. [Textqtoq Nylon 6,6/6, ti/10,(X 6/12 re, some glass filled toextni-sion, inj. moldiqg, automotive tqiplics., mechanical parts and housings, fasteners, tubes, wire and cable jacketing, kitchenware. 

Vandar . (Hoechst Cdanese/Ei ineer-ing Plastics Hoechst UK] Thermoplastic alloy (elasttHner-modUlfiedPBT), some glass or mineral filled used for automotive body conqxments and housings, furniture, ski boots, tqq>liances, clips, fasteners. 

Typical automotive applications include gas cap covers, fan blades, shrouds for cooling systems, gears, fasteners, clips, emission control canisters, oil pans, shields, etc. Toughened polyamides are also used in sports and recreational equipment, lawn and power tool housings and components where impact strength, heat and chemical resistance are the primary criteria for their choice. With an estimated consumption of 25 Mton/y in the USA, impact modified PAs... 

Reground PP from automotive interior parts was contaminated with up to 15 wt% of POM. At present, there is about 16 kg of PP per 1 kg of POM, the latter used for clips, fasteners, door-lock buttons, pivots, grilles, seat-belt buckles, etc. Presence of POM facilitated processability, and it had little effect on tensile strength of recycled PP, but it improved the tensile modulus by about 12% [Naitove, 1996]. 

The B2 phase NiTi has been used for 30 years as a shape memory alloy for couplings, fasteners, connectors, and actuators in automotive and aerospace industries, electronics, mechanical engineering and medical applications (Schmidt-Mende and Block, 1989 Stockel, 1989 Thier, 1989 Hodgson, 1990 Stoeckel, 1990). NiTi melts congruently at 1310°C and has an extended homogeneity range (Massalski etal., 1990). 

U.S. annual welding expenditures, because mechanical fastening is the joining method of choice. However, the bulk of FSW development dollars has been spent by these sectors. As a result, the broader automotive, marine, heavy manufacturing, light manufacturing, and construction markets for FSW implementation have been neglected. 

The automotive industry has found several other applications where the additional cost of specialty may be beneficial. These areas are manifolds and tailpipes, catalytic converters, high-temperature fasteners, exhaust valves, airbag inflators, and other critical electrical components. The future use of these materials will depend on the benefits found in service and the changes in automotive technology that affect the corrosion conditions encountered by automobiles. 

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